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替代性教师教育计划重视教师学科知识的培养,但是却大大降低了对教师的教育学知识的要求。
这毫无疑问是对“教学作为一种专业”
这一理念的否定。
不过,替代性教师教育计划一直都受到教师专业化支持者的严厉批评。
密歇根州立大学的塞克斯(Sykes)指出,一个人如果仅仅具有良好的个性品质并不一定能成为一名好教师,只有经过教师教育专业培训、教学实践、入职考核和专业发展,才能成为良师。
他总结说:教师既是天生的,也是造就的(Teachersarebornandmade)。
[26]斯坦福大学教授达琳—汉蒙德(Darling-Hammond)通过分析过去30年来的研究得出结论:即使教师教育和教师执照制度存在一些不足,但是经过培训和资格认证的教师的业绩要超过那些没有接受过培训的教师。
她还指出,短期的替代性教师教育计划对于培训一个教师是远远不够的,一个人即便是聪明又热衷于教学,但是不经过培训就不可能成为好的教师。
[27]
[1]NationalissiononExEduationatRisk:TheImperativeforEdualReform,1983,p.5.
[2]牛道生:《80年代教育危机以来美国基础教育的实质性变化》,载《教育研究》,1987(7)。
[3]Test,StandardsHighlightED'sFive-YearStrategi,EduUSA.June,30,1997.
[4]NationalissiononExEduationatRisk:TheImperativeforEdualReform,1983,p.22.
[5]NationalissiononExEduationatRisk:TheImperativeforEdualReform,1983,pp.30-31.
[6]Damerell,Regiion'sSmokingGun:HeshaveDestroyedEdueriewYork,FreunlichBooks,1985,p.273.
[7]Damerell,Regiion'sSmokingGun:HeshaveDestroyedEdueriewYork,FreunlichBooks,1985,p.274.
[8]Damerell,Regiion'sSmokingGun:HeshaveDestroyedEdueriewYork,FreunlichBooks,1985,p.281.
[9]Damerell,Regiion'sSmokingGun:HeshaveDestroyedEdueriewYork,FreunlichBooks,1985,p.282.
[10]Elshtain,J.B.,TimetoPolitizetheSchools,TheNatioember25,1982,p.271.
[11]Dill,D.D.,egiesforSchoolsofEduOughttoIncludeSchoolsofTeag,icleofHigherEdu,January18,1984,p.80.
[12]Seib,KeheLawsofAamicsWorktoPreventge,icleofHigherEdu.January18,1984,p.72.
[13]Kramer,Rita.,EDSchoolFollies:TheMiseduerica'sTeaewYork,theFreePress,AdivisionofMaaxwellMaada,1991,p.209.
[14]Kramer,Rita.,EDschoolfollies:TheMiseduerica'sTeaewYork,theFreePress,AdivisionofMaaxwellMaada,1991,p.210.
[15]Kramer,Rita.,EDschoolfollies:TheMiseduerica'sTeaewYork,theFreePress,AdivisionofMaaxwellMaada,1991,p.211.
[16]Kramer,Rita.,EDschoolfollies:Themiseduerica'sTeaewYork,theFreePress,AdivisionofMaaxwellMaada,1991,p.215.
[17]Kramer,Rita.,EDschoolfollies:Themiseduerica'sTeaewYork,theFreePress,AdivisionofMaaxwellMaada,1991,p.212.
[18]Kramer,Rita.,EDschoolfollies:Themiseduerica'sTeaewYork,theFreePress,AdivisionofMaaxwellMaada,1991,p.212.
[19]Kramer,Rita.,EDschoolfollies:Themiseduerica'sTeaewYork,theFreePress,AdivisionofMaaxwellMaada,1991,p.214.
[20]Kramer,Rita.,EDschoolfollies:Themiseduerica'sTeaewYork,theFreePress,AdivisionofMaaxwellMaada,1991,p.214.
[21]TheNationalissiononExEduationatRisk:TheImperativeforEdualReform,Washingtohor,1983,p.28.
[22]Darling-Hammond,L.,TeadKnowledge:PolicyIssuesPosedbyAlterionforTeachers,PeabodyJourion,67(3),1990,p.136.
[23]Wilson,S.M.,Floden,R.E.,andFerrini-Mundy,J.,TeacherPreparationReseartKnos,aions:AResearchReportPreparedfortheU.S.,Departmeion,February,2001.
[24]Feistritzer,dChester,D.T.,AltereacherCertifi:AStatebyStateAnalysis2002,WashingtonD.alterforEduation,2002,Availableat:http:.n.
[25]Ballon,D.&Podgursky,TeaingandLisure:ALayman'sGuide.InM.Kanstoroom&(eds.),BetterTeachers,BetterSchools,WashingtohomasFordhamFoundation,1999,p.18.
[26]Sykes,Gary,NoStandardsorandards?TheFutureofTeacherCertifi:RobertAToth(ed.),TheRoleoftheUyiionofTeacher,Philadelphia:FalmerPress,1999,p.40.
[27]Darling-Hammond,Linda.,HowTeacherEduatters,JournalofTeacherEdu,51(3),2000,pp.166-173.
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