天才一秒记住【梧桐文学】地址：https://www.wtwx.net
[15]
我国学者特别是科学哲学研究者也十分注重理论与观察问题的研究，专文有：张谨的《观察与理论关系的历史考察及其哲学思考》，《华中科技大学学报》2001年第2期；赵妙法的《西方科学哲学中观察与理论关系评析》，《安徽大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》1998年第4期。
[1]ThereislittledireceastothekindandamountofknowledgewhichPythagorasacquired，orastohisdefinitephilosophicalviews.EverythingofthekiiooandAristotleisattributednottoPythagoras，buttothePythagoreausstatedthathewasamaensivelearning;andXenophahebelievediransmigrationofsouls（Diogeius，viii.36，p.Aristotle，deAnima，i.3;Herodotus，ii.123.）Xeiooryofhisinterbehalfofadogthatwasbeiescriesthevoiceofadepartedfriend.PythagorasissupposedtohaveclaimedthathehadbeenEuphorbus，thesonofPanthus，irojanwar，aswellasvariousothercharacters，atradesmac.（Porphyry，Vit.Pyth.26;Pausanias，ii.17;Diogeius，viii.5;Horace，Od.i.28，1.10）InhisbookTheLifeofApolloniusofTyana，Philostratusythagoraskonlywhohewashimself，butalsowhohehadbeen.（FlaviusPhilostratus：TheLifeofApolloniusofTyana，trad.F.ybeare，Vol.2，London，1912，BookVI：39.）
[2]ThePhilosophyofSEncyclopedia，LeTaylor&FrancisGroup，2006.
[3]ThePhilosophyofSHistorithology，Chichester，U.K.;Malden，MA：Blackwell，2009.
&ionandTheoryihreeLectures，PreseheFirstSeriesoftheAlvinandFanhalheimerLetheLogicalStatusofStificTheoriesioObservation，1971：134.
[5]AndréKukla：“TheTheory-ObservationDistin”
，ThePhilosophicalReview，041996，Volume105，Issue2:173-230.
[6]JodyAzzouni：“Theory，ObservatioificRealism”
，TheBritishJournalforthePhilosophyofSe55，Issue3:371-392.
[7]Araintoobjectswhichwetaketoberealisexplored：suchtheoriesarerequiredtotrackthepropertiesoftheobjectswhichtheyaretheoriesof.Epistemiwhichobservatioionsofit）playatralrole，andholistviewswhichseeepistemicvirtuesasapplilytowholetheories，aretrastediofthist.It’sarguedthatglobal-styleepistemicvirtues’tmeetthet，although（）epistemicviehichobservation（ahickepistemicaccess）aretralizeddomeetit.
[8]HollyTuokko：“FromObservationtoTheory”
，JourionalNeuropsychologicalSo1355-6177，052002，Volume8，Issue4：602-603.
[9]MarshallSpector：“TheoryaionI-II”
，TheBritishJournalforthePhilosophyofSce，081966，Volume17，Issue1-2：89-104.
[10]WilliamARottschaefer：“Observation：Theory-LaderalorTheory-Free？”
SouthernJournalofPhilosophy，ISSN0038-4283，1976，Volume14，Issue4：499-509.
[11]HaroldIBrown：“ATheory-Ladeioheory”
，TheBritishJournalforthePhilosophyofS0007-0882，091993，Volume44，Issue3：555-559.
[12]Johheory-LadennessofObservatiooryandPhilosophyofS0039-3681，1986，Volume17，Issue1：115-127.
[13]Steveweentheoryaions：TobiasMayer’sExplorationsofLunarMotion，1751-1755，NewYork；Ler，c2010.
[14]根据http：plato.stariesrationalism-empiricism提供的资讯，有关理性主义与经验论的冲突与融合的思想过程大致如下：Iemologyandinitsmoderionalismis“anyvieealingtoreasonasasourowledgeorjustifioreteicalterms，itisamethodoratheory“inwhichtheofthetruthisiualaive”
Differentdegreesofemphasisoheoryleadteofrationaliststandpoints，fromthemoderateposition“thatreasonhaspreceoverotherwayskhemoreextremepositionthatreasonis“theuoknowledge”
.Givenapre-moderandiionalismisidenticaltophilosophy，theSocraticlifeofinquiry，orthezetetic（skeptical）terpretationofauthority（opentotheunderlyiialcauseofthingsastheyappeartooursey）.Idecades，Lehttorevive“ClassicalPoliti”
asadisethatuhetask，notasfoundational，butasmaieutishouldnotbefusedwithrationality，norwiten.wikipedia.wikiRationalis）
[15]Thedisputebetweenrationalismandempiristheextenttoeuponsenseexperienaiionalistsclaimthattherearesignifitwaysinwhidknailyofsenseexperiesclaimthatsenseexperieesourceofallourdkionalistsgeheirvieays.First，theyarguethattherearecaseswherethetofourceptseoutstripstheinformationthatsenseexperienprovide.Sed，theystrutsofhowreasoninsomeformorotherprovidesthatadditionalinformationabouttheworld.Empiricistspresearylihought.First，theydevelopatsofhowexperienceprovidestheinformationthatrationalistssofaraswehaveitiplace.（Empiricistswillattimesoptforskeptialterionalism:ifexperieprovidetheceptsetherationalistswedohe）Sepiricistsattacktherationalists’atsofhowreasonisasourceptse.Thedisputebetweenrationalismandempiricismtakesplaepistemology，thebranchofphilosophydevotedtostudyiure，sourdlimitsofkhedefiioemologyihefollowing.Whatisthenatureofpropositionalknowledge，kaparticularpropositionabouttheworldistrue？Knoarticularpropositiohatwebelieveitandthatitbetrue，butitalsoclearlyrequiressomethihingthatdistinguishesknowledgefromaluckyguess.Let’scallthisadditio‘warrant’.Agooddealofphilosophicalworkhasbeeryihehisadditio.Howwegainknowledge？Wetruebeliefsjustbymakingsomeluckyguesses.Howwewarrantedbeliefsisunclear.Moreover，toknoemustthinkaboutit，anditisnaisweuseinthoughtorwhatassurany，wehavethattheedivideupthewourceptsdtodivisionsthatactuallyexist.Whatarethelimitse？Someaspectsoftheworldmaybewithishtbutbeyose;facedwithpetiionsofthem，weowwhichdesistrue.Someaspectsoftheworldmayevehelimitsht，sothatweintelligibledessofthem，letalohataparticulardesistrue.Thedisagreemeionalistsasprimarilysthesedquestithesourcesofourdknowledge.Iaheirdisagreementonthistopicleadsthemtogivegrespoheotherquestioheymaydisagreeoverthenatureofwarrantoraboutthelimitshtandknowledge.Ourfocusherewillbeoingrationalistarespohesedquestion.（plato.stariesrationalism-empirivs.Empiricism，FirstpublishedThuAug.19，2004;SubstantiveRevisionWedAug.6，2008.）
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