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TextBCivilizationandItsDists
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SigmundFreud
Pre-reading
SigmundFreud（1856-1939），thefatherofpsyalysis，hysiologist，medicaldoctor，psychologist，ahemostiialandtroversialthihe20thtury.
WetherwithhisolderViennesecolleagueaorJosephBreuer，whoiothecasestudyofapatientknownasAnhBreuerpublishedtheworkStudiesonHysteriain1895.However，BreuerdidnotshareFreud’sviewoyasacauseforhysteria.Whilethefriendshipandcollaborationsooneinuedhisworkioftalktherapyasatreatmealillness.
&erpretationofDreams（1900），Freud’spersonalfavorite，formalizedmuchofhispsyalytieofhismajorworksihreeEssaysoheoryofSexuality（1905），TotemandTaboo（1913），aureofanIllusion（1927）.Hisworkandtheorieshelpedshapeourviewsofchildhood，personality，dreams，sexualityahermajorthiributedwrewacy，whileothersdevelopedofoppositiontohisideas.
Ina2002reviewofthemostiialpsychologistsofthe2mundFreudwasrahree.
CivilizationandItsDists，writtenin1929，issideredoimportantandwidelyreadworks.Inthisbook，Sigmuesthefueweencivilizationandtheindividual.Theprimaryflictstemsfromtheindividual’squestforinstinctualfreedomandcivilization’strarydemandforityandinstinctualrepression.ThispruesFreud，isayofcivilizationthatiualfeelingsofdisitss.
ThefollowingpassageisafromChapterⅡofCivilizationandItsDists.
Promptsf
1.HowdoesFreuddefine“happiness”
?
2.leasureprinciple?
3.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“theplaion’”
?
4.Whataresourcesthatthreatenhumanhappiness?
5.Whatisrealityprinciple?
6.Howmanywaysarethereofavoidingsufferingandobtainiarethey?
7.Whatismeantbythedisplatsoflibido?
8.WhatisFreud’siionofartists’work?
9.Whatarethefactorsaffee’shappiness?
10.Howmanykindsofpsychicaltraitsdoestheauthormention?Whataretheirrespectivewaysofseekinghappiness?
[1]Thequestionofthepurposeofhumanlifehasbeelesstimes;ithasreceivedasatisfassdoesnotadmitofohosewhohaveaskedithaveaddedthatifitshouldturnoutthatlifehaswouldloseallvaluefortheButthisthreataltersnothing.Itlooks，orary，asthoughonehadarighttodismissthequestion，foritseemstoderivefromthehumauousness，manyothermaionsofwhicharealreadyfamiliartous.Nobodytalksaboutthepurposeofthelifeofanimals，umaybesupposedtolieinbeioman.Butthisviewisher，fortherearemanyanimalsofwhimakeodescribe，classifyandstudythem;andinnumerablespealshaveesthisuse，siedabeforemaheOn，ionswerthequestionofthepurposeoflife.Onehardlybewrongingthattheideaoflifehaviandsandfallswiththereligioussyste
[2]Wewillthereforeturntothelessambitiousquestionofwhatmenthemselvesshowbytheirbehaviortobethepurposeaionoftheirlives.Whatdotheydemandoflifeandwishtoait?Theahishardlybeindoubt.Theystriveafterhappiobeehappyandtoremainso.Thisendeavorhastwosides，apositiveaiveaiItaims，oanabsenandunpleasure，aher，attheexperiengfeelingsofpleasure.Initsheiness”
ohelast.Initywiththisdiyinhisaims，man’sactivitydevelopsiiasitseekstorealize—inthemain，orevenexclusively—theoheroftheseaims.
[3]Aswesee，whatdecidesthepurposeoflifeissimplytheprogramofthepleasureprihispriestheoperatioalapparatusfromthestart.Thereodoubtaboutitseffidyetitsprogramisatloggerheadsorld，withthemauchaswiththemi.Thereisnopossibilityatallofitsbeihrough;alltheregulationsoftheuniverseru.Onefeelsiosaythattheihatmanshouldbe“happy”
isnotiheplaion”
.ihestrisethe（preferablysudden）satisfaeedswhichhavebeeoahighdegree，anditisfromitsnatureonlypossibleasanepisodieuationthatisdesiredbythepleasureprincipleisproloonlyproducesafeelingofmildent.Wearesomadethatwederiveionlyfromatrastalefromastateofthings.Thusourpossibilitiesofhappinessarealreadyrestrictedbyourstitution.Unhappinessismuchlessdifficulttoexperiehreatehsufferingfromthreedireourownbody;whiedtodeddissolutionandwhiotevendowithoutpainayaswarningsignals;fromtheexternalworld，whichmayrageagainstuswithandmercilessforcesofdestrudfinallyfromourrelatiohesufferingwhithislastsourceisperhapsmorepainfultousthaeasakindofgratuitousaddition，althoughitotbeaefullyihesufferingwhielsewhere.
[4]Itisnowonderif，uhepressureofthesepossibilities，meomedtomoderatetheirclaimstohappiasthepleasurepriself，indeed，uheiheexternalwedintothemoremodestrealityprinciple2—ifamanthinkshimselfhappymerelytohaveeshappiohavesurvivedhissuffering，andifiaskofavoidingsufferiofobtaiothebad.Refleshowsthattheaentofthistaskbeattemptedalongverydifferentpaths;ahshavebeehevariousschoolsofworldlyutintopracti.Aedsatisfaofeveryselfasthemostehodofgomeansputtibefore，andssitsowheothermethods，inwhipleasureisthemainpurpose，aredifferentiatedagtothesourpleasuretowhichtheirattentiourhesemethodsareextremeae;someareone-sidedaheproblemsimultaseveralpoints.Againstthesufferingononefromhumaiosafeguardisvoluntaryisolation，keepingoneselfalooffromotherpeople.Thehappinesswhibeachievedalongthispathis，aswesee，thehappinessofquietness.Againstthedreadedexternalworldonelydefendoneselfbysomekindawayfromit，ifoosolvethetaskbyohereis，iherahatofbeemberofthehumanunity，and，withthehelpofateiqueguidedbysgovertotheattastnatureaihehumanwill.Thenwithallfoodofall.ButthemmethodssufferihosewhichseektoinfluenanisIanalysis，allsufferingishaion;itosinsofaraswefeelit，andweoinceofwaysinwhiisregulated.
...
[5]Aeiquefistheemploymentofthedisplatsoflibido3whientalapparatuspermitshwhissomuflexibility.Thetaskhereisthatofshiftiualaimsinsuchawaythattheyeupagainstfrustratioernalworld.Inthis，sublimatioslendsitsassistahemostifonesuffitlyheightentheyieldofpleasurefromthesourcesofpsydiualwork.Whenthatisso，fatedolittleagaiisfaofthiskind，suartist’sj，ingivinghisphantasiesbody，orastist’sinsolvingproblemsordisgtruths，hasaspecialqualitywhichweshalllyoocharametapsychologicalterms.Atpresentwelysayfigurativelythatsuchsatisfa“fineraheiriyismildasparedwiththatderivedfromthesatingofdprimaryinstinctualimpulses;itdoesnotvulseourphysig.Aofthismethodisthatitisnotapplierally:itisaccessibletoonlyafewpeople.Itpresupposesthepossessionofspecialdispositionsandgiftswincharefarfrombeingontoanypracticaldegree.Ahefewwhodopossessthem，thismethodotgivepleteprotesufferiesrablearmainstthearrowsoffortuhabituallyfailswhenthesourceisaperson’sownbody.
...
[6]Iheieness，Iwillventureonafewremarksasatoourenquiry.Theprogramofbeinghappy，whichthepleasureprincipleimposesonus，otbefulfilled;yetwemustnot—i—giveupoureffitofulfillmentbysomemeansorother.Verydifferentpathsmaybetakeninthatdiredriorityeithertothepositiveaspe，thatofgainingpleasure，ortoitshatofavoidingunpleasure.Byhesepathsweattainallthatwedesire.Happihereduseinwhichwereizeitaspossible，isaproblemoftheeics5oftheindividual’slibidoldenruleliestoeveryone:everymanmustfindoutforhimselfinarticularfashionhebesaved.Allkindsofdifferentfactorswilloperatetodirecthischoice.Itisaquestionofhowmuchrealsatisfaheexpetheexternalworld，howfarheisledtomakehimselfi，andfinally，howmugthhefeelshehasftheworldtosuithiswishes.Inthis，hispsystitutionwillplayadecisivepart，irrespectivelyoftheexternalces.Themanwhoispredomiicwillgivefirstprefereohisemotioionshipstootherpeople;thenarcissisti，whoiobeself-suffit，willseekhismainsatisfahisialprocesses;themanofawillheexternalworldoryouthisstrength...Apersonwhoisbornefavorableinstinstitution，androransformatiementofhislibidinalposwhidispeerats，willfindithardtoobtainhappinessfromhisexternalsituation，especiallyifheisfacedwithtasksofsomedifficulty.Asalastteiqueofliving，whichwillatleastbringhimsubstitutivesatisfas，heisofferedthatofaflightiiess—aflightwhichheusuallyaplisheswheillyoung.Themanwhoseeshispursuitofhappihinginlateryearsstillfindsolationintheyieldofpleasureoftoxi;orheembarkoeattemptatrebellionseeninapsychosis7.
[7]Religiohisplayofdadaptatioimposesequallyosownpathtotheaofhappinessaionfr.Itsteiquesistsihevalueoflifeanddistthepictureoftherealworldinadelusionalmanner—whichpresupposesanintimidatioelligehisprice，byforciblyfixiateofpsyfantilism8andbydrawioamassdelusiionsusparingmanypeopleanindividualneurosis9.Buthardlyanythihereare，aswehavesaid，manypathswhichmayleadtosuessasisattainablebymen，butthereisnonewhichdoessofor.Evenreligionotkeepitspromise.IfthebelieverfinallyseeshimselfobligedtospeakofGod’s“inscrutabledecrees”
，heisadmittingthatallthatislefttohimasalastpossiblesolationandsourceofpleasureinhissufferingisanunission.Andifheispreparedforthat，hecouldprobablyhavesparedhimselfthedetourhehasmade.
Notes
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