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TextATheValueofPhilosophy
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&randRussell
Pre-reading
&randRussell（May1872-February1970）wasBritishphilosopher，mathemati，historian，oliticalactivist.Russellisbestknownforhisworkiicallogialyticphilosophy，andheissideredasohefoundersofanalyticphilosophyaobeohtury’spremierlogis.Hisrofoundinfluenathematidphilosophy.Overthecourseofalongandprolificcareer，Russellhasalsomadesignifitributionsteofothersubjeglinguistics，artifitelligeivesputersce，history，ethics，politicaltheory，edualtheiousstudies.Geionsofreadershavebeedfromhismanypsoyoftopiboththehumahenaturals1950RussellwasawardedtheNobelPrizeiure“iionofhisvariedandsignifitwritingsinwhichheanitarianidealsahought”
.
&ween1920and1921，Russellwasioetoatovisitaures.InOctober1920，RussellanjiheeSoutheastUy）anddeliveredalecturetitledOnphilosophy，advogseekihroughlogidstificmethods.Russellwasaadmirerofeseddeeplyappreciatedeseedualtraditionandsenseofhumor.
Promptsf
1.racti”
（Paragraph3）like?
2.Whatkindofkhestudyofphilosophyaimedat?
3.Whataresomeofthequestionsphilosophysitselfwith?
4.Whatwouldhislifeandtheworldbeliketoamanwhohasnotinctureofphilosophy?
5.Howdoesphilosophiplationdifferfromself-assertion?
6.Whatismeaanduniversalkismeantby“thekbythesenses”
?（Paragraph10）
7.Whatismeantby“freedomandimpartialityintheworldofaraph11）?
8.Whatisuizenship?Howitbeformed?
[1]Havingheendofourbriefandveryiereviewoftheproblemsofphilosophy，itwillbewelltosider，in，whatisthevalueofphilosophyandwhyitoughttobestudied.Itisthemoreosiderthisquestiohefactthatmanymeheinfluenceofsceorofpracticalaffairs，areiodoubtwhetherphilosophyisahauselesstrifling，hair-splittingdistindtroversiesonmattersgwhiowledgeisimpossible2.
[2]Thisviewofphilosophyappearstoresult，partlyfroftheendsoflife，partlyfrofthekindofgoods3whichphilosophystrivestoachieve.Physiediumofiiooinnumerablepeoplewhoarewhollyignorantofit;thusthestudyofphysimeonly，orprimarily，becauseoftheeffethestudent，butratherbecauseoftheeffeankihisutilitydoesophilosophy.Ifthestudyofphilosophyhasaallforothersthasofphilosophy，itmustbeohroughitseffethelivesofthosewhostudyit.Itisiherefore，ifahevalueofphilosophymustbeprimarilysought.
[3]Butfurther，ifwearenottofailiodetermihevalueofphilosophy，wemustfirstfreeourmindsfromtheprejudiceslycalled“practi.The“practi，asthiswordisoftenused，isnizesonlymaterialneeds，whorealizesthatmenmusthavefoodforthebody，butisobliviousoftheyfoodforthemind.Ifallmenwerewelloff，ifpovertyanddiseasehadbeeheirlowestpossiblepoiillremainmuchtobedooproduceavaluablesodeveingwoodsofthemiasimportantasthegoodsofthebody.Itisexclusivelyamongthegoodsofthemindthatthevalueofphilosophyistobefound;andonlythosewhoarenotihesegoodsbepersuadedthatthestudyofphilosophyisnotawasteoftime.
[4]Philosophy，likeallotherstudies，aimsprimarilyatkhekaimsatisthekindofknowledgewhichgivesunityahebodyofthesdthekindwhichresultsfromacritiationofthegroundsofours，prejudidbeliefs.Butitaiphilosophyhashadameasureofsuitsattemptstoprovidedefisquestions.Ifyouaskamathemati，ami，ahistorian，oranyotherman，whatdefinitebodyoftruthshasbeeainedbyhissswerwilllastaslongasytolisten.Butifyouputthesamequestiontoaphilosopher，hewill，ifheisdid，havetofessthathisstudyhasiveresultssuchashavebeehersces.Itistruethatthisispartlyatedforbythefactthat，assooeknowledgegabeespossible，thissubjectceasestobecalledphilosophy，andbeesaseparatesce.Thewholestudyoftheheavens，whiowbelongstoastronomy，wasonphilosophy;oworkwascalled“themathematiciplesofnaturalphilosophy”
.Similarly，thestudyofthehumanmind，artofphilosophy，hasedfromphilosophyahesceofpsychology.Thus，toagreatexteaintyofphilosophyismoreapparehosequestionswhicharealreadycapableofdefiniteanslathesces，whilethoseonlytoreseeanswerbegiveoformtheresiduewhichiscalledphilosophy.
[5]Thisis，however，onlyapartofthetruthgtheuyofphilosophy.Therearemaions—andamohatareoftheprofouoourspirituallife—which，sofaraswesee，mustremainihehumauspowersbeeofquiteadifferentorder5fromwhattheyarenow.Hastheuyofplanorpurpose，orisitafortuitouss?Isessapermaoftheuniverse，givinghopeofihinwisdom，orisitatransitoryaallplaonwhichlifemustultimatelybepossible?Aregoodandevilofimportaheuniverseoronlytoman?Suchquestionsareaskedbyphilosophy，andvariouslyansweredbyvariousphilosophers.Butitwouldseemthat，whetheraherwisediscoverableornot，theanswerssuggestedbyphilosophyarehemdemonstrablytrue.Yet，hhtmaybethehopeofdisgaispartofthebusinessofphilosophytouethesiderationofsuakeusawareoftheirimportaoexamiheapproa，ahatspeculativeiheuniversettobekilledbygourselvestodefiainableknowledge.
[6]Thevalueofphilosophyis，infact，tobeselyiainty.Themanwhohasnotinctureofphilosophyghlifeimprisoheprejudicesderivedfromohehabitualbeliefsofhisageorhisnation，andfromswhichhavegrownupinhismindwithoutthecooperatioofhisdeliberatereason.Tosutheworldtendstobeedefie，obvious;osrouseions，andunfamiliarpossibilitiesareptuouslyrejected.Assooophilosophize，orary，wefind，aswesawinchapters，thateveeverydaythioproblemstowhilyveryieanswersbegiven.Philosophy，thoughuelluswithtywhatisthetrueahedoubtswhichitraises，isabletosuggestmanypossibilitieswhilargehtsahemfromthetyrannyof.Thus，whilediminishingoftyastowhatthigreatlyincreaseseastowhattheymaybe;itremovesthesantdogmatismofthosewhohaveravelledintioingdoubt，anditkeepsaliveoursenseofwonderbyshowingfamiliarthingsinanunfamiliaraspect.
[7]Apartfromitsutilityinshowiedpossibilities，philosophyhasavalue—perhapsitschiefvalue—throughthegreatheobjectswhiplates，andthefreedomfromnarroersonalaimsresultingfromthisplation.Thelifeoftheinstinisshutupwithinthecircleofhisprivateis:familyandfriendsmaybeiheouterworldisnardedexceptasitmayhelporhieswithinthecirstinctivewishes.Insuchalifethereissomethingfeverishanded6，inparisonwiththephilosophiclifewhichisdfree.Theprivateworldofisisasmallohemidstofagreatandpohichmust，sooer，layourprivateworldinruins7.Unlesswelargeourioihewholeouterworld，weremainlikeagarrisoninabeleagueredfortress，knowingthattheesesdthatultimatesurrenderisiable.Insuchalifethereisatstrifebetweeenceofdesireandthepowerlessnessofwill.Inonewayoranother，ifourlifeistobegreataescapethisprisonandthisstrife.
[8]Onewayofescapeisbyphilosophiplation.Philosophiplatio，isurvey，dividetheuwohostilecamps—friendsandfoes，helpfulandhostile，goodandbad—itviewsthewholeimpartially.Philosophiplatioisunalloyed8，doesnotaimatprovingthattherestoftheuniverseisakintoman.AllaofknowledgeisaheSelf，butthiseisbestattaiislysought.Itisobtaihedesirefeisaloive，byastudywhiotwishisobjectsshouldhavethisorthatcharacter，butadaptstheSelftothecharacterswhidsihiseofSelfisnotobtaiakiis，wetrytoshowthattheworldissosimilartothisSelfthatkispossiblewithoutanyadmissionofwhatseemsalieoprovethisisaformofselfassertionand，likeallself-assertion，itisahegrowthofSelfwhichitdesires，andofwhichtheSelfknowsthatitiscapable.Self-assertion，inphilosophicspeaselsewhere，viewstheworldasameanstoitsowhusitmakestheworldoflessatthaheSelfsetsbousgoods.Iiorary，westartfromthehroughitsgreatheboundariesed;throughtheinfinityoftheuhemindwhiplatesitaeshareininfinity.
[9]FreatnessofsoulishosephilosophieswhichassimilatetheuoMan.KnowledgeisaformofunionofSelfandnot-Self;likeallunion，itisimpairedbydominion，andthereforebyaoforiverseintoityefindihereisahilosophicytowardstheviewwhichtellsusthatManisthemeasureofallthings，thattruthismaspadtimeandtheworldofuniversalsarepropertiesofthemind，andthat，iftherebeanythihemind，itisunknowableandofnoatforus.Thisview，ifourpreviousdisswerecorretrue;butinadditiorue，ithastheeffectphilosophiplationofallthatgivesitvalue，siersplatioitowledgeisnotaunio-Self，butasetofprejudices，habits，anddesires，makirableveilbetweenusandtheworldbeyond.Themanwhofindspleasureinsuchatheoryofknowledgeislikethemanwhohedomesticcircleforfearhiswhtnotbelaw.
[10]Thetruephilosophiplatiorary，findsitssatisfaeveryehenot-Self，ihatmags9plated，ahesubjeplatihing，iion，thatispersonalorprivate，everythingthatdependsuponhabit，self-i，ordesire，distortstheobjedhenceimpairstheunionwhitellectseeks.Bythusmakingabarrierbetweea，sualahingsbeeaprisoellect.ThefreeiwillseeasGodmightsee，withoutahereandnow，withouthopesahoutthetrammelsofarybeliefsandtraditionalprejudices，calmly，dispassiohesoleandexclusivedesireofknowledge—knoersonal，aspurelyplative，asitispossibleformantoattaihefreeiwillvaluemoretheabstraiversalkowhichtheatsofprivatehistorydohekbythesenses，a，assuustbe，uponanexdpersonalpointofviewandabodywhosesense-ansdistortasmuchastheyreveal.
[11]Themindwhichhasbeeaedtothefreedomandimpartialityofphilosophiplationwillpreservesomethingofthesamefreedomandimpartialityintheworldofaotion.Itwillviewitspurposesasofthewhole，withtheabsensisteresultsfromseeingthemasinfinitesimalfragmentsinaworldofwhichalltherestisuedbyanyonemaheimpartialitywhiplation，istheunalloyeddesirefortruth，istheverysamequalityofmindwhia，isjustiemotionisthatuniversallovewhibegiventoall，andnotonlytothedusefuloradmirable.Thusplatiesnotoshts，butalsotheobjectsofouradouraffeakesussoftheuonlyofowarwithalltherest.Inthisshipoftheusman’struefreedom，andhisliberatiohralldomofnarrowhopesandfears.
[12]Thus，tosumupourdisofthevalueofphilosophy;Philosophyistobestudied，notforthesakeofaeasquestionssieanswers，asarule，bekrue，butratherforthesakeofthequestionsthemselves;becausethesequestieourofossible，enritellectualimaginationanddimiicewhiindagaiion;butaboveallbecause，throughthegreatheuniversewhichphilosophyplates，themindalsreat，andbeescapableofthatunionwiththeuniversewhistitutesitshighestgood.
Notes
1.inviewof:g，becauseof考虑到，鉴于
2.mattersgwhiowledgeisimpossible:mattersbeyondourcapabilityofknowing知识和理解所不能及的问题
3.goods:此处指（哲学努力想要达到的）目标
4.thebodyofthesces:theofsces全体科学的集合
5.adifferentorder:另一个（更高的）数量级
6.feverishanded:狂热和狭隘
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