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，whoknowmanysmallthings.
[8]NoresuggestthatAmerishavebeelyimmuheideologicaltemptatioion，thatis，todefiionalgoalsinanordered，prehensive，away.Afterall，theAmeridwased2byoandmostformidablestructuresofanalysiseverdevised，isttheology3，andasoshapedwasbouaiytyeverafter.TherehavebeehroughoutAmerihistorytedtoehanall-iotranslateAmeritoasetofbindingpropositions，andtostruethenationaltraditionintermsofoherultimatelaw.
[9]YetmostofthetimeAmerishavefoxilymistrustedabstraandrigidapriori4doe.Ournationalfaithhasbeennotinpropositionsbutisfihours，theueshas，sotospeak5，risenabove6ideology.Ithaseddogmatofalsifyreality，imprisonexperienarrowthespectrumofchoice.ThisskepticismaboutideologyhasbeenaprimarysourceofthesotivenesswhichhasmarkedsomuchofdevelopmealAmerisocialthoughthasbeenempirical，practical，pragmatic.Amerisequence，hasbeenatitsmostcharacteristiofinnovatio.
[1matismisnomorewhollydevoidofabstrasthanideologyiswhollydevoidofexperiehedividinglineeswhenabstradexperiencedogivewaytotheother.Atthispoiistrejectsabstrad，theideologistrejectsexperieoryoftherepublicillustratesthediffereheAmeriRevolutionragmaticeffortdutermseneralvalues.Theistsfoughtforiermsof7BritishidealsofcivilfreedomaivegoverheyrebelledagainstBritishruleessentiallyforBritishreasons.TheidealsofAmeridependendexpressionintheclassientsahofthenatioionofIhestitutionandtheBillhts.
[11]Butitisimportaoinsistoioweenidealsandideology.Idealsrefertotheloalsofanatioinwhichthesegoalsarepursued.Ideologyissomethi，moresystematic，moredetailed，moreprehensive，mmatic.TheeoftheFoundihomasJefferson，emphasizesthedistin.Jeffersonouhofidealsandofideology.Asanexpounderofideals，heremainsavividailefigure—alive，notonlyforAmerisbut，Ibelieve，forallthoseiedinhumandignityandhumay.Asa，however，Jeffersonistodayremote8—afigurebutofhistoricalcuriosity.Asa，hebelieved，forexample，thatagriculturewastheonlybasisofagoodsociety;thatthesmallfreeholdsystem9wastheonlyfoundatiothehoandvirtuouscultivator10wastheonlyreliableocraticstate;thataneybasedonagriculturewasself-regulatingand，therefore，requiredaminimumofgoverthatgoverwasbestwhiedleast;andthatthegreatenemiesofafreestatewere，ontheonehand，urbanization，industry，banking，alandlesswdallthesascharacteristiodernizationprod，oherhand，astrongnatiowithpivedireatio.ThiswasJefferson’sideology，aedStatesrespo，wewouldbetodayafeebleaitoJeffersoherthantohisideology，theueshasbeeastroe.
[12]Fortunately，Jeffersonhimselfpreferredhisidealstohisideology.Incaseofflicthechoseedpeopleratherthanwhatedtoprindeed，thewholeideologiterprisetradictedJefferson’stemper，whichwasbasicallyflexibleaal.ThetrueJeffersonisnottheideologicalJeffersonbuttheJeffersonwhosaidthatoionitthesviewofpubliainy.
[13]ithfaithihetroubleisthis.Anideologyisnotapictureofactuality;itisamodelderivedfromactuality，amodeldesigoisolatesalieualitywhichthemodelbuilder，theideardsasofcrucialimportanideology，inotherwords，isanabstrareality.Thereisnwithabstraodelsperse11.Infact，weotductdiscourse12withouttheThereisnwiththem—solong，thatis，aspeopleremembertheyareoheideologicalfallacyistetthatideologyisanabstrarealityaasrealityitself.
[14]Thebesettingsinoftheideologist，inshort，istofusehisowntidymodelswiththevast，turbuleable，anduywhichisthestuff13ofhumanexperiehishasatleasttwobadresults—ititsthosewhobelieveioafatalisticviewofhistory，anditmisleadsthemaboutcretechoicesofpublicpolicy.
[15]siderforamome’sviewofhistory.Theideologistdsthatthemysteriesofhistoryderstoodintermsofaclear-cut，absolute，socialcreedwhisthepastahefuture.Ideologythuspresupposesaiversewhosehistoryisdetermined，whoseprinciplesarefixed，whosevaluesaivesarededuatralbodyofsoaandofteraldogmaisfided14tothecustodyofanihood15.Intheoldphilosophicdebatesbetweehemany，theideologiststandswiththeoishisbeliefthattheworldasawholederstleviewpoihiandstreaminglifeofmaoasisystemofiion.
[16]TheAmeritraditionhasfoundthisviewofhumanhistnantaraditioheworldasmany，heseempiricts，theprefereic，fordeedma，havefoubrilliantexpressioingsofWilliamJames16andintheapproachtophilosophiswhichJamescalled“radicalempiricism”
.Agaiheall-enpassingpowerofasiion，agaimeismofideology，agaihatallaopolitidsosbefoundinthebaesacredbook17，agaiiterpretationainsttheiverse，Jamesstoodforwhathecalledtheunfinisheduniverse—auniversemarkedbygrowth，variety，ambiguity，mystery，andiversewherefreemenmayfindpartialtruths，butwherenomortalmaanabsolutegripoh，auniversewheresressdependsnotoncapitulationtoasingle，all-ingbodyofdoe，butontheuercourseofunedminds.
[17]Thusideolmatismdifferraditheirviewsofhistory.Theydifferjustasraditheirapproachtoissuesofpublicpolicy.Theideologist，bymistakingmodelsforreality，alwaysmisleadsastothepossibilitiesandcesofpubli.Thehistoryofthetweuryisareanifoldwaysinwhiityhasbeerayedbyideology.
[18]Letustakeanexamplefromporaryhistory.Itisevidenthatthechoiprivateandpublis18，thatchoicewhichhasobsessedsomutpolitideicdisunderdevelopedtries，isnotamatteriouspriisnotamoralissuetobedeabsolutistgrouhoseht19whardtheuseofpublisaswidsinful，orbythoseo2ardtheuseofprivatemeanswidsinful.Itissimplyapracticalquestionastowhisbestachievethedesiredend.Itisaproblemtobeabytheologybutbyexperie.Indeed，Iwouldsuggestthatwemightwellbanishsomeoverloadedwords21fromiualdiscourse.Theybelongtothevoagoguery，nottothevocabularyofanalysis.
[19]So，withtheiionofthemixedsmatismhastriumphedoverabsolutisAsace，theworldisihatthemixedeyofferedtheiiesthroughwhiunitesotrolwithindividualfreedoButideologyisadrug;nomatterhowmuchitisexposedbyexperiehegforitstillpersists.Thatgwill，nodoubt，alersists，solongasthereishumanhungerforanall-embrag，all-explanatorysystem，solongindeedaspoliticalphilosophyisshapedbythepulsiohewomb.
[20]Theoldestphilosophi，wehaveherelatioheohemahebasifliesispreciselytheflithosewhowouldreducetheworldtoohosewhoseetheworldasmahosewhobelievethattheworldisevolvingiion，alongasiilepredestined，ahinkthathumanityiure，asi，willuetoevolveiions，towarddiverses，agtothediversetraditions，values，andpurposesofdiverspeoples.Itisashort，betweendogmatismandpragmatism，betweeheologicalsodtheexperimey.
[21]Ideologistsareafraidofthefreeflowofideas，eveideaswithintheirowheyarecedtheyhaveamonopolyohereforetheyalwaysfeelthattheyareonlysavingtheworldwheertheheretics.Theirobjectiveremainsthatofmakingtheworldover22intheimagematicideology.Thegoalisamonolithicwaheprincipleofinfallibility—buttheoyinaemisthetyofabsoluteabuse.
[22]Thegoaloffreemenisquitedifferent.Freemenknowmanytruths，buttheydoubtwhetheranymortalmankheirreligiousaellectualheritagejoihemtosuspeenwholayclaimtoinfallibility.Theybelievethatthereiserdelusionthanformantomistakehimselffod.Theyacceptthelimitationsofthehumaheinfirmityofthehumanspirit.Thedistiriumph，intheirjudgmehecapaderstayofhumanstrivingbuttostriveheless.
Notes
1.self-goveraiveinstitutioofagroupbytheaofitsownmembers，asiiivestomakeitslaws自治和代议制机构
2.:toinfluencepeopleoveraperiodoftimesothattheydothingsorthinkinaparticular>
3.isttheology:isttheologyisasystemoftheologiJohn’sIheReligion，ingtheideasofpredesti，tandg.istbelieversholdthatfaith，ratherthansins，iswhatwillsavethe
4.apriori:（Latin）（knowledge，argument，reasonorprobability）basedonanassumedpriherthanonactualobservedfactsorexperience
5.sotospeak:asitwere，inamannerofspeaking可谓，可以说
6.riseabove:beedorhinderedby摆脱，克服，战胜
7.intermsof:intheprihebasisof依据
&e:irrelevantandoutofdate
9.smallfreeholdsystem:小产权制度
10.er农民
11.perse:byitselforinitself
12.disuniofideasandinformatihversationordis
13.stuff:substance，orsubstantialnature核心内容，本质
14.fided:revealed，toldasifinprivate
15.thecustodyofanihood:thetruardianshipbythefeillnevergormakemistakes
16.WilliamJames:（1842-191ihihefieldsofphysiology，psydphilosophy.HestudiedandtaughtatHarvardUy.Hismasterpiece，ThePrinciplesofPsychology，sseedsmatismandhasiionsofthinkersinEuropeandAmerihislaterwmatism:ANewNameforOldWaysofThinking（1907），Jamespropouheoriesmatism，thequiialAmeriphilosophy.
17.inthebaesacredbook:ifewgpagesofbookthatshallnotbeged，questionedordisobeyed
18.privateandpublis:Privatemeansischaracterizedbyprivateownershipoflandas，marketeyarade;publisischaracterizedbystateownershipaplannedey.此处可理解为私有制和公有制。
19.ht:politiservativeandtraditional，supptheidealsofcapitalism右翼的
20.oicallysupptheideasofsocialism左翼的
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