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&Spencer
Pre-reading
&Spencer（1820-1903）wasanEnglishphilist，anthropologist，sociologist，aclassicalliberalpoliticaltheoristoftheViera.
Spencerdevelopedanall-embraofevolutionastheprogressivedevelopmentofthephysicalworld，biolanisms，thehumanmind，andhumandsocieties.Hewas“aitofevolutioeaboutevolutionbeforeDarwindid”
.Duringhislifetimeheachievedtremendousauthority，mainlyinEnglishspeakingacademia.SpehesifamousEuropeaualinthegdecadesoftheury”
，buthisinfluenedsharplyafter1900.
Speknownfortheexpression“survivalofthefittest”
，whiedinPrinciplesofBiology（1864），afterreadingCharlesDarwin’sinofSpecies.
Thefollowingessayisafreressay“OntheGenesisofSce”
.
Promptsf
1.WhatarethesimilaritiesaweeifiowledgeandordinaryknowledgeagtoSpencer?
2.Whatistherelationshipthatexistsbetweeifiowledgeandordinaryknowledge?
&herecaseswherescedisprovesouroarethey?
4.Whatarethecharacteristicsofstifiowledge?
5.Whatdothewords“ty”
aeness”
meaninParagraph7?
6.Howdoesstifiowledgedevelopinstages?
7.Whatisthediffereiveaivesyougivesomeexamples?
8.Howwouldyehispassage?
9.Whatisthegenerallogidtheanizatiohispassage?Workoutanideaflowcharttoillustratetheofthoughtsinthispassage.
[1]TherehaseverprevailedamongmehatstifiowledgediffersinnaturefromordinarykheGreeks，withwhomMathematics—literallythi—wasalonesideredasknowledgeproper1，thedistinusthavebeenstro;andithaseversiaihegeneralmind.Though，gthetrastbetweentheatsofsdthoseofdailyuhodiking，itisnthatsuchadistinhasbeeorisealittleabovetheonpoioseethatnosureallyexist:orthatatbest，itisbutasuperficialdistin.Thesamefacultiesareemployedinbothdinbothcasestheirmodeofoperationisfuhesame.
[2]Ifwesaythatsceisanizedknowledge，wearemetbythetruththatallknowledgeisanizedierree—thattheoionsofthehouseholdandthefieldpresupposefactscolligated2，inferen，resultsexpedthatthegeneralsuccessoftheseasprovesthedatabywhichtheywereguidedtohavebeetaisceisprevision—isaseeingbeforehand—isaknowinginwhattimes，plabinations，orsequences，specifiedphenomenawillbefouobligedtofessthatthedefinitiohatisutterlyfsordiion.Forexample，aowledgeofahis，asfarasitgoes，sistsinprevisions.Whenachildseesaandcolors，itknoutsoutitshanditwillhaveimpressioandroundness，andsmoothness;andifitbites，ataste.Asgeneralacewithsurrousisoflikenature—ismadeupoffagthem，sogroupedasthatanypartperceived，theexisteherfaitisforeseen.
[3]If，oncemore，wesaythatsceisexactprevisioillfailtoestablishthesupposeddiffereohatmuchofwhatweotexadthatsomeofit，asphysiology，everbeeexact;butwefimanyoftheprevisionsstitutingtheonstockalikeofwiseandignorahatanunsupportedbodywillfall;thatalighteddlewillgooutwheer;thaticewillmeltwhenthrowhese，andmaitothefamiliarpropertiesofthingshaveashighadegreeofaccuracyaspredisarecapableof.Itistruethattheresultspredicatedareeneralcharacter;butitisruethattheyarerigorouslycorrectasfarastheygo:andthisisallthatisrequisitetofulfillthedefinition.Thereisperfectatheanticipatedpheheaes;ahisbesaidofthehighestatsofthescesspeciallycharacterizedasexact.
[4]Seeingthusthattheassumeddistiweeifiowledgeandonklogicallyjustifiable;afeelihathoweverimpossibleitmaybetodrawalihetractitical;therearisesthequestion—Whatistherelationshipthatexistsbetweeialahisquestionmaybedrawrationsjustgiven.Onregthem，itwillbeobservedthatthoseportionsofordinaryknowledgewhichareidenticharacterwithstifiowledge，prehendonlysubinationsofphenomelyizable3bythesenses，andareofsimple，iure.Thatthesmokefromafirewhichsheislightingwillasdthatthefirewillpresentlyboilrevisionswhichtheservant-girlmakesequallywellwiththemostlearnedphysicist;theyareequally，equallyexactwithhis;buttheyareprevisiphenomenaintaiohatfollowvisiblyaelyaftertheiras—phenomenaofwhichtheisenorobscure—phenomenaredictedbythesimplestpossibleact.
[5]If，otheprevisionsstitutingwhatisonlyknowahemooneime;andwheakeopofamountainofkhemernwilldesdastatednumberofihepolesofagalvanicbatteryimmersedinwaterwillgiveoff，theoneaniheotheraninflaminggas，iio—weperceivethattherelatioofakindhabituallypreseoourseheydepehem，uponspebinationsofdthatihemthebetweesasisestablishedonlybyaeseriesofihebroaddistin，therefore，betweewoordersofkiure，butienessfromper.
[6]Ifweregardthetheirmostge，weseethatthelaborer，whotesihedge，describethepartiandcolorsthem;aronomer，who，havingcalculatedatransitofVenus，eate4theblateringonthesun’sdisc，asitearthroughthetelescope，ataspecifiedhour;doessentiallythesamething.Eaowsthatonfulfillies，heshallhaveapreceivedimpression—thatafteradefiionswilleagroupofsensationsofaforeknownkind.Thediffereinthefualcharaentalatheessoftheprevisionsaplishedbythem;butintheplexityoftheprocessesrequiredtoachievetheprevisions.Muoknowledgeis，asfarasitgorouslyprecise.Sotihispre;ottra.Whatthedo?Itreducesetothesamedegreeofpre.Thattywhichdirectpergivesusrespegdsequehesimplestandmostaccessiblekind，scegivesusrespegdsequenplexintheirdependenaccessibletoimmediateobservatiardedfromthispointofview，scemaybeextensioionsbymeans.
[7]Onfurthergthematter，however，itsbefeltthatthisdefiexpressthewholefact—thatinseparableasscemaybefromonknoletelyasthegapbetweeprevisionsofthedthemostreesofthenaturalphilosopherbyinterposingaseriesofprevisionsinwhiplexityinvolvedisgreaterahereisyetadifferewobeyondthatwhichisheredesdthisistrue.Butthediffereillnotsuablesustodrawtheassumedliion5.Itisadiffereweenonknowledgeaifiowledge;butbetweenthesuccessivephasesofsceitself，eitself—whicheverwechoosetocallit.Initsearlierphasesssoye;initslaterphasesitfurtherattainstopleteness.Webeginbydisgarelation:weendbydisgtherelation.Ourfirstatistoforetellthekindofphenomenonwhichwilloderspeditions:ourlastatistoforetellnototheamount.Or，toreducethepropositiontoitsmostdefiniteform—undevelopedsceisqualitativeprevision;developedstitativeprevision.
[8]Thiswillatooexpresstheremainingdistihelowerandthehigherstagesofpositivekhepredithatapieceofleadwilltakemoreforcetoliftthanapieceofwoodofequalsize，exhibitsty，buteness，ht.Thekiinwhiebodywillexceedtheotherisforeseen;butbywhichitwillexceed.Thereisqualitativeprevisiononly.Ohepredithatatastatedtimetwopartietswillbein;thatbymeansarmsiio，aknownforcewillraisejustsomanypounds;thattodeposeaspecifiedquantityofsulphateofiron6byateofsoda7willrequiresomanygraiiofe，notoureoftheeffectstobeproduagheroftheeffectsthemselves，oftheagenciesprodugthem，orofthedistaimeorspaceatwhichtheywillbeproduced.Thereisnotonlyqualitativebutquantitativeprevision.
[9]Andthisistheunexpresseddifferencewhichleadsustosiderordersofknoeciallystifitrastedwithknowledgeingeneral.“Arethephenomenameasurable?”
isthetestwhiploy.Spaceismeasurable:hery.Fordspacearemeasureable:heics8.Time，fordspacearemeasureable:henamics9.Theiioereendtheprineosphere;aicsexisted.Wheerwasdevised，therearoseasceofheat，whichwasbeforeimpossible.Suchofoursensatioyetfoundmodesdinatesces.Wehavenosells;norhaveweoes.Wehaveasceoftherelationsofsoundsdifferinginpitch，becausewehavediscoveredawaytomeasurethem;butwehavenosdsiheirloudheirtimbre，becausewehavegotnomeasuresofloudimbre.
[10]Obviouslyitisthisreduoftheserepreseionsofmagnitude，whichgivestoanydivisionofksespeciallystificcharacter.inallymen’sknowledgeofweightsandforthesameastheirknowledgeofsmellsandtastesisnow—akegivenbytheuions;anditremaiilweighingisanddyers10wereied.Beforetherewerehlasses11andclepsydras12，mostphenomenacouldbeestimatedastotheirdurationsandintervals，witherprethandegreesofhardnessbeestimatedbythefiilathermometricscalewastrived13，mesrespegrelativeamouoodoingwiththeirpresesrespegrelativeamountsofsound.Andasiialstages，withnoaidstoobservation，hestparisonsofade，andomarkeddiffereisobviousthatosimplelawsofdependencecouldbeased—onlythoselawswhigunplicatedwithothers，andnotdisturbedintheirmaions，requirediesofobservatioheWheappearsnotonlythatinproportionasknowledgebeesquasprevisioeaswellas，butthatuntilitsassumptionofaquaeritisnecessarilyedtothemostelemeions.
[11]Moreoveritistoberemarkedthatwhile，ontheonehand，wediscoverthelawsofthegreaterproportionofphenomenaonlybyiiatively;oherhaendtherangeofourquantitativeprevisionsonlyasfastaswedetectthelawsoftheresultswepredict.Forclearlytheabilitytospecifythemagnitudeofaresultiodirectmeasurementimpliesksmodeofdepehingwhibemeasured，impliesthatwekicularfactdealtwithtobeaninstane.Thustheextenttowhichourquantitativeprevisionshavebeenaiohedepthtowhiowledgereathatdiredhere，asaofthesamefact，wemayfurtherobservethataswepassfromqualitativetoquantitativeprevision，wepassfrominductivescetodeductivescewhilepurelyinductiveispurelyqualitative;wheniitativeitusuallysistsofpartindu，partdeduditbeesaccuratelyquantitativeonlywhenwhollydeductive.Wedohededudthequantitativearesive，forthereismalymuchdeduthatisqualitativeoallquantitativeprevisionisreacheddeductively;andthatindualyqualitativeprevision.
[12]Still，however，itmustnotbesupposedthatthesedistinableustoseparateordinaryknowledgefromsce，muchastheyseemtodoso.Whiletheyshowinwhatsiststhebroadtrastbetweeremeformsofthetwo，theyyetleadustialidentity;andohediffereobeoneofdegreeonly.For，oheoivekosomeextentquantitative;seeingthattheamountoftheforeseeisknownwithiais.Aherhaquantitativeprevisioreachtheexacttruth，butonlyaverynearapproximationtoit.Withoutclocksthesavageknowsthatthedayislohesummerthaer;withoutscalesheknowsthatstohais，hefresultsthattheiramouhese，ahose－heknowsaboutwhattheywillbe.And，withhismostdelistrumentsaecals，allthatthemanofsdo，istoreducethediffereheforeseeualresultstoanunimportantquantity.
[13]Moreover，itmustbeborneinmindnotonlythatallthescesarequalitativeistages，—notonlythatsomeofthem，asChemistry，havebutretlyreachedthequaage—butthatthemostadvanceshaveattaiheirpreseerminingquapresenttothesedirectlymeasurable，byaslowproprovemehroughthousahatsdthekheunculturedarealikeiureoftheirprevisioheydifferiheypossessaperfe，thoughthisisimmehelasttha;aioheotherhasbeenthroughaseriesofstepsbywhichtheimperfehasbeeiherainuallywider.
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