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FrederickSchiller
Pre-reading
FrederickSchiller（1759-1805）wasaleadingGermandramatist，poet，philosopher，ahethelastfewyearsofhislife（1788-1805），Schiller’sfriendshipwiththealreadyfamousaialJohannWolfgahe，usheredinaperiodoasWeimarClassicisTheydiscussedissuesgaesthetics.Theyeher;Scoethetofinishworksheleftassketches，whileGoethecedhimtoreturnt.Theyfouheater，whichbecametheleadierinGermany.
TheircollaboratiooarenaissanainGermany.
SchillerisrememberedforsuchdramasasTheRobbers（1781），theWallerilogy（1800-1801），MariaStuart（1801），aell（1804）.HisworkOianiers（1794）isaphilosophiquiryintowhathadg，andhowtopreventsuchtragediesiure.Iersheassertsthatitispossibletoelevatethemoralcharacterofapeople，byfirsttougtheirsoulswithbeauty，aisalsofoundinhispoemDieKüheArtists）:“hBeauty’smate，dostthoupehelandofknowledge.”
&ember2008，SchillerwasvotedbytheaudieVelARTEastheseportantplaywrightiereare.
Promptsf
1.HowmanylayersofmeaningterpretinParagraph1?
2.Whyisthegoodnoti?Whatistheaimofart?
3.WhatisthepointoftheexampleinParagraph3?
4.Whatbesaidofthegoodandtheagreeableintermsofbeiiveorsubjective?
5.Inwhatwaysisthegooddifferentfromtheagreeable?
6.Whatisthediffereheagreeableaiful?
7.Whatisthefunraph8?
8.Whatdoyouthinkraph9andParagraph10?Howdotheyfitintothe>
9.Howdoestheauthordefiureofthesublime?
[1]Allthepropertiesbywhiobjebeeaesthetibereferredtofourclasses，which，aswellagtotheirobjectivedifferencesasagtotheirdiffereio，produourpassiveaiespleasuresuonlyialsoinworth;classeswhichalsoareofanuhees:theyaretheagreeable，thegood，thesublime，aiful.
[2]Ofthesefories，thesublimeaifulonlybeloreeableisnotworthyofart，andthegoodisatleastheaimofartistoplease，andthegood，whetherwesideritintheoryoriherhttoserveasameansofsatisfyisofseheagreeableonlysatisfiesthesenses，andisdistiherebyfromthegood，whilypleasesthereason.Theagreeableosmatter，foritisoaffeses，andallthatisformlypleasethereason.Itistruethatthebeautifulohroughthemediumofthesenses，bywhichitisdistihegood;butitpleasesreason，onatofitsform，bywhichitisessentiallydistiheagreeable.Itmightbesaidthatthegoodpleasesonlybyitsfinharmohebeautifulbyitsfsomerelationofresemblahreason，andthattheagreeableabsolutelydoessfoodisperceivedbythought，thebeautifulbyintuition，andtheagreeableonlybythesepleasesbythe，thesedbytheidea，ahirdbymaterialsensation.
[3]Thedistahegoodandtheagreeableisthatwhichstrikestheeyesthemost.Thegoodwidens，becauseitprodsupposesasobject;thepleasurewhichitmakesusperceiverestsoivefoundatiohispleasureitselfisbutastateiuated.Theagreeable，orary，produotionofitsobjed，indeed，reposesoivefoundation.Itisagreeableonlyinasmuchasitisfeltbythesubjedtheideaofitpletelyvaanobstruisplatheaffectabilityofthesenses，oroismodified.Foramahecoldtheagreeablewouldbeawarmair;butthissamemaofsummer，wouldseektheshadeawemustagreethatinbothcaseshehasjudgedwell.
[4]Ohatwhichisobjectiveisaltogetheriofus，andthatearstoustrue，useful，reasoyet（ifthisjudgmentoftodaybeadmittedasjust）toseemtousthesametwentyyearshementoftheagreeablegesassoonasourstate，withregardtoitsobject，hasged.Theagreeableisthereforenotapropertyoftheobject;itspriherelationsofsuobjectwithoursehestitutionofoursensesisanecessarythereof.
[5]Thegood，orary，isgoodinitself，befrepreseous，andbeffelt.Thepropertybywhichitpleasesexistsfullyihoutbeinginwantofoursubject，althoughthepleasurewhichwetakeisonanaptitudefthatwhius.Thuswesaythattheagreeableexistsoisexperiehatthegood，orary，isexperieexists.
[6]Thedistihebeautifulandtheagreeable，greatasitis，moreover，strikestheeyeless.Thebeautifulapproachestheagreeableinthis—thatitmustalroposedtothesenses，inasmuchasitpleasesonlyasapheesagaininasfarasitherproorsupposesanynotionofitsobject.But，oherhand，itiswidelyseparatedfromtheagreeable，becauseitpleasesbytheformunderwhichitisproduotbythefaaterialsensation.Nodoubtitohereasoinsofarasitisalsoasensuoussubject;butalsoitpleasesthesensuoussubjeuchasitisatthesametimeareaso.Thebeautifulisnotootheindividualbuttothewholespedalthoughitdrawsitsexistefromitsrelatiothesametimereasonableandsensuous，itisnotlessiofallempiricallimitationsofsensuousness，anditremaiiwheistitutionoftheindividualismodified.Thebeautifulhasexaohatbywhichitdiffersfromtheagreeable，anditdiffersfromthegoodexathatinroximatestotheagreeable.
[7]Bythegoodwemustuhatinwhireizesaitywithhertheoretidpracticallaws.Butthesameobjebeperfeabletothetheoreti，ahelessintradithehighestdegreewiththepracti.roveoftheeerprise，aadmiretheskillofthemeaionwiththeendinvieisethepleasureswhichthevoluptuous2maheendofhislife，ahelesspraisetheskillwhichheexhibitsintheeans，andthelogicalresultwithwhichhecarriesouthispriwhichpleasesusonlybyitsfood，absolutelygood，andwithoutanys，whenitsformisatthesametimeitsmatter.Thegoodisalsoaofsenotofaeseheagreeable，normoreoverofamixedsehebeautiful.Itdoesedesireasthefirst，norinasthesed.Thesimpleideaofthegoodinspiresoee
[8]Thediffereingtheagreeable，thegood，aifulbeiablished，itisevidentthatthesameobjebeugly，defective，eventobemorallyrejedhelessbeagreeableaothesearevolt3thesenses，abegood，i.e.，pleasethereason;thataosthemoralsenses，aheimaginationwhiplatesit，andstillbebeautiful.Itisbecauseeaeoftheseideasisdifferentfaculties，asdifferently.
[9]Buthaveweexhaustedtheclassifioftheaestheticattributes?No，thereareobjectsatthesametimeugly，revolting，andhtothesenses，whiotpleasetheuanding，andofnoament，asdonotfailtoplease;lytopleasetosuchadegree，thatillinglysacrificethepleasureofthesesehatoftheuandingtoprocureforustheeheseobjects.Thereisnothiiveihaifullandscape，illumihepurplelightofevening.Therichvarietyoftheobjects，themellowoutliheplayoflightsinfinitelyvaryi，thelightvaporswhivelopdistas，—allbineingthesenses;andaddtoit，toincreaseourpleasure，thesoftmurmurofacascade4，thesoingales，anagreeablemusic.Wegiveourselvesuptoasoftsensationofrepose，andwhilstourseouchedbytheharmonyofthecolors，theforms，andthesouheagreeablei，themindisrejoicedbytheeasyandrichflowoftheideas，theheartbytheseswhichoverflowiorrent.Allatosup，darkeningtheskyandallthelandscape，surpassingandsilengallothernoises，aakingfromusallourpleasures.Blackcirclethehorizohunderfallswithadeafeningnoise.Flashsucceedsflash.htandheariedirevoltihelightningooreousmorevisiblethehorrorsoftheheelectricfluidstrike，ofearlestitmaystrikeus.Well，thatdoesusfrombelievingthatwehavegaihanlostbythege;Iexcept，ofcourse，thosewhomfearhasbereftof5alllibertyofjudgmeheonehand，forciblydrawntowardsthisterriblespectacle，whitheotherulsesoursenses，andwepausebeforeitwithafeelingwhiotproperlycallapleasure，butonewhichweoftenlikemuchmorethaill，thespectaaturetheousisiherdestrugood（atalleventsweinhiyofastormtotakepleasureinthisphenomenon），isiheruglythaiful，forthedarkness，hidingfromusalltheimageswhichlightaffords，otbeinitselfapleasantthing;andthosesuddehwhichthethumosphere，thosesuddehelighthecloud—allistrarytooialsofthebeautiful，whichcarrieswithitnothingabrupt，nothi.Ahisphenomenon，ifwesideronlyourseherpainfulthanagreeable，forthenerveshtandthareeatheirturnpainfullystrailessviolentlyrelaxed，bythealternationsoflightaheexplosiohunder，andsilenspiteofallthesecausesofdispleasure，astormisanattraomenonforwhomsoeverisnotafraidofit.
[10]Anotherexample.Iofagreenandsmilingplainthererisesanakedandbarrenhillock，whichhidesfromthesightapartoftheview.Eaewouldwishthatthishillockwereremovedwhichdisfiguresthebeautyofallthelandscape.Well，letusimagihishill，risingstill，withoutindeedgatallitsshape，andpreserving，althoughoerscale，thesameproportioswidthaobeginwith，ourimpressionofdispleasurewillbutihehillockitself，whichwillthemorestrikethesight，andwhichwillbethemorerepulsive.Butue;raiseituptwiceashighasatower，ahedispleasurewillefface7itselftomakewayforquiteahehillhasatlastbeountain，sohighamountainthatitisquiteimpossibleforoureyestotakeitihereisamoreprecocious8thanallthissmilingplainwhidsit，andtheimpressionthatitmakesonusisofsuaturethatweshrettoexgeitforanyotherimpressioifulitmightbe.Now，supposethismountaintobeleaning，andofsuthatwecouldexpectiteverymio，thepreviousimpressionwillbeplicatedwithanotherimpression:terrorwillbejoi:theobjectitselfwillbebutstillmoreattractive.Butsupposeitwerepossibletopropupthisleaningmountainwithaaierrorear，andartofthepleasureweexperienced.Supposethattherewerebesidethismountainfourorfiveothermountains，ofwhiewasafourthorafifthpartlowerthantheonewhichcameimmediatelyafter;thefirstimpressionwithwhichtheheightofoaininspireduswillbenotablyweakehianalogouslaceifthemountainitselfweretoteerrainishing;aiificiallydecoratedwithplantatiofirstsubjeountaintoionthanthatitssize，leavingitotherwisejustasitwas，andwithitsform;andthissimplecehassuffiakeaorevendisagreeableobjectsatisfyingtotheeyes.Bythesedoperation，thisehasbeeatthesametimeaerror;andthepleasurewhichwehavefoundiingithasbutbeeer.Finally，bythelastoperationwhichwehavemade，wehavedimierrorwhichitssightoed，andthepleasurehasdiminishedasmuch.Wehavedimiivelytheideaofitsheight，whetherbydividiioorbetweenseveralobjegivingtotheeyes，bymeansofthesesmallermountaieone，ameasurebywhiastertheheightofthemountainallthemoreeasily.Thegreataerriblethereforebeofthemselvesiaincasesasourceofaestheticpleasure.
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[11]AlltheexamplesthatIhaveallegeduptothepresehisinon—thatthefeelieisohiive.Inallthesephenomeheideaofsomething“whichoversteps，orwhichthreatehepowerofprehensionofourseheirpowerofresistanot，hsofarastoparalyzethesetwopowers，orsofarastorenderusiriviok，ortoresisttheimpressionitmakesonus.Thereisinthephenomenaaplexitywhiotretraitywiththeiytoitsfurthestlimits.
[12]Wehavetheideaofaforparisonwithwhivanishes，andwhichwearehelesspelledtoparewithourowisawhichatthesametimepresentsaselffromourfacultyofintuition，andwhichurgesustostrivetorepresentittoourselves，withoutleavingroomtohopethatthisaspiratioisfied;orelseitisaearstoupraiseitselfasaneourexistence—whichprovokesus，sotosay，tobat，andmakesusanxiousastotheissue.Inalltheallegedexamplesthereisvisibleihesameathefacultyoffeeling.Allthrowoursoulsintoananxiousagitationandstrainitsspriaingravitywhieveoastakespossessionofoursoul，andwhilstarayevidentsignsofintery，ourmindfallsbaitselfbyrefledappearstofindasupportinahigheressofitsirengthanddignity.Thisessofourselvesmustalwaysdominateihegreatandthehorriblemayhaveforusaicvalue.Itisbecausethesoulbeforesuchsightsasthesefeelsitselfinspiredandliftedaboveitselfthattheyaredesighenameofsublime，althoughthethingsthemselvesareobjenowaysublime;alyitwouldbemorejusttosaythattheyareelevatingthantocalltheminthemselveselevatedorsublime.
[13]Foraobecalledsublimeitmustbeinoppositionwithoursensuousness.Iispossibletoceivebuttwodiffereioheobjedoursensuousness，ahereoughttobetwokiaeithertobesideredasobjeishtodrawknowledge，orelsetheyshardedasaforceepareourtothisdivisiowokindsofthesublime，thesublimeofkhesublimeofforce.Moreover，thesensuousfacultiestributetoknowledgeagivenmatter，andputtiheotheritsplexityintimeandinspace.
[14]Astodissegthisplexpropertyandassit，itisthebusiheuandingandion.Itisfortheuandihediversityexists:fination（sideredsimplyasasensuousfaculty）thereisbutanuniformity，alyitisbuttheheunifs（thequantityay）whigiveintoaweentheseiohus，ihefacultyssensuouslymayberedupotencebeforea，necessarilyitisimperativethatthisobjectexitsquayination.
Notes
1.reposeon:buildonupon
2.voluptuous:fullof，characterizedby，ormioindulgenluxury，pleasure，andse骄奢**逸的；沉溺酒色的
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