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Jean-JacquesRousseau
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Jean-JacquesRousseau（1712-1778）wasaGenevanphilosopher，oserofthe18thtury.HispoliticalphilosophyiheEinFrandacrossEurope，asectsoftheFreionandtheoveralldevelopmeidedualthought.
èmile，orOioerpiece，isakindofhalftreatise，halfellsthelifestoryofafiannamedèmile.Init，Rousseautracestheile’sdevelopmeionhereedudesigeinhimallthevirtuesofRousseau’sidealized“naturalman”
，uncorruptedbymodery.
ThefollowingpassageisafromBook1ofRousseau’sèmile，orOion.
Promptsf
1.AgtoRousseau，whyisManinion?
2.Whatarethethreecategoriesiioion?
3.HowdoesRousseaudescribethedynamigthethreefaedu?
4.WhatisRousseau’sdefinitionofnature?
5.WhatisthemajumentinParagraph11ghabits?
6.WhatarethoseprejudicesthatRousseauhasmentionedinParagraphs12and13?
7.WhichdoesRousseaubelievetobemoreessential，todowellinagortobeaman?
8.HowshouldachildbetaughtagtoRousseau?
9.Makealistoftheideasexpressedinthispassage.thislisthelpyoufigureouttheessenRousseau’sphilosophyofedu?
[1]Godmakesallthingsgood;mahemandtheybeeevil.Heforesoiltoyieldtheproduother，oobeara.Hefusesande，plaaturalutilateshisdog，hishorse，andhisslave.Hedestroysahings;helovesallthatisdeformedandmonstrous;hewillhavenothingas，notevenmanhimself，whomustlearnhispaceslikeasaddle-horse，aohismaster’stastelikethetreesinhisgarden.
[2]Yetthingsithoutthiseduankindadebyhalves1.Uingaohimselffrombirthwouldbemoreofamoherest.Prejudice，authority，y，example，allthesoditionsintolunged，wouldstiflenatureinhimandputnothinginherplace.Shewouldbelikeasaplingiofthehighway，behitherandsoohepassers-by.
[3]Tender，anxiousmother，Iappealtoyou.Youremovethisyouhehighwayafrforceofsoventions.Tendaere3itdies.Osfruitwillrewardyourtheoutsetraiseawallroundyourchild’ssoul;anothermaysketchtheplan，youaloneshouldcarryitiion.
[4]Plantsarefashioivation，maion.Ifamaallandstronghissizeahwouldbeofnogoodtohimtillhehadlearheywouldevenharmhimbypreventingtohisaid;lefttohimselfhewoulddieofwant4beforeheknewhishehelplessnessofioperceivethattheraceerishedhadnotmanbegunbybeingachild.
[5]Weareborrength;helpless，weneedaid;foolish，weneedreason.Allthatwelackatbirth，allthateahegiftofedu.
[6]Thiseduestousfromnature，frommen，s.Theihansandfacultiesistheeduofheusewelearntomakeofhisgrowthistheeduen，whatwegainbyourexperiencesistheeduofthings.
[7]Thusweareeachtaughtbythreemasters.Iftheirteaflicts，thescholarisill-edudwillpeacewithhimself;iftheirteagagrees，heghttohisgoal，helivesatpeacewithhimself，heis>
[8]hreefaeduatureiswhollybeyondsareonlypartlyiheeduenistheorolledbyus;andevenhereelyillusory，foretodirecteverywordanddeedofallwithwhomthechildhastodo.
[9]Viewedasanart，thesuccessofeduostimpossible，siialsofsuccessarebeyondourtrol.Oureffortsmaybringuswithinsightofthegoal，butfortufavorusifwearetoreachit.
[10]Whatisthisgoal?Aswehavejustshown，itisthegoalofnature.Sihreemodesofeduustwether，thetwothatweustfollowtheleadofthatwhichisbeyondourtrol.Perhapsthiswordoovagueamearytodefi.
[11]old，ismerelyhabit.Whatdoesthatmeahabitsformedunderpulsion，habitswhieverstiflenature?Suple，arethehabitsofplantstrainedhorizontally.Theplasartificialshape，butthesaphassdahtheplantmaymakewillbevertical.Itisthesameositioheais，eveuralofthem，holdgood;butgethes，habitsvanish，sherself.Eduitselfisbuthabit，foraretherenotpeoplewhetorlosetheiredudotherswhokeepit?Whehisdifferehetermoberestrictedtohabitsabletonatureweneedsaynomore.
[12]Weareboriveandfromourbirthonwardsweareaffevariouswaysbyoure.Assoonaswebeesciousofoursensatiooseekorshuhatcausethem，atfirstbecausetheyarepleasantoruheheysuitusornot，andatlastbeentsformedbymeansoftheideasofhappinessandgoodnesswhigivesus.Theseterengthahthegrowthofreason，buthinderedbyourhabitstheyaremoreorlessed6byourprejudices.BeforethisgetheyarewhatIaturewithinus.
[13]Inthesocialorderwhereeachhashisownplamustbeeducatedforit.Ifsueleaveshisownstatiofelse.Hiseduisonlyusefulwhenfateagreeswithhisparents’choiot，edusthescholar，ifonlybytheprejudicesithascreated.I，wherethesonelledtoadopthisfather’sg，eduhadatleastasettledaim;wheresocialgradesremaihemenwhoformthemaretlyg，noonekherheisnhissoinghimforhiso
[14]Iuralordermenareallequalandtheirongisthatofmanhood，sothatawell-eduotfailtodowellinthatdthoserelatedtoit.Itmatterslittletomewhethermypupilisihearmy，thechurch，orthelaw.BeforehisparentschoseanaturecalledhimtobeamaradeIwouldteachhiWhenheleavesme，Igrantyou，hewillbeheramagistrate，asoldier，;hewillbeaman.Allthatbeanhewilllearnasquiother.Invainwillfategehisstation，hewillalwaysbeinhisrightplace.Therealobjectofourstudyismanandhiseomymindthoseofuswhobestehegoodandeviloflifearethebesteduceitfollowsthattrueedusistslessihaninpractice.
[15]Wemustthereforelookatthegeherthaidsideroursa，maoallthedortallife.Ifmeachedtothesoilofourtry，ifoedalltheyearround，ifeveryman’sfortuneweresraspedthatheeverloseit，theablishedmethodofeduwouldhaveadvahechildbroughtuptohisowngwould，heeverhavetofacethedifficultiesofaion.Butwhenwesiderthefleetingnatureofhumanaffairs，therestlessanduneasyspiritofourtimes，wheioheworkofitspredecessor，ceiveamoresehaeachildasifhewouldneverleavehisroom，asifhewouldalwayshavehisservantsabouthim?Ifthewretchedcreaturetakesasiepupordow.Thisisnotteaghimtobearpain;itistraininghimtofeelit.
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