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TextATheMoralEquivalentofWar
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Pre-reading
WilliamJames（1842-1910）hilosopher，psychologistandphysiheleadihelateury.JamesisbelievedtobeoiialAmeriphilosophers.Heissideredtobeohemajuresassociatedwiththephilosophicalsmatism，andisalsocitedasohefoundersoffunalpsychology.AReviewofGeneralPsychologysurvey（2002）rahe14thmostcitedpsychologistofthe20thtury.Healsodevelopedthephilosophicalperspeoiricis
James’workinflueny，ingPresidents.OnApril17，1977，PresidentJimmyCartermadethespeech“MoralEquivalentofWar”
，equatiedStates’1970sehedsacrificesCarter’sproposedplanswouldrequirewiththe“moralequivalentofwar”
.ThespeechmayhaveborrowedthetitleofJames’classicessayTheMoralEquivalentofWar，andmuchofitsthemeandthememorablephrasederivedfromhislastspeech，deliveredatStanfordUyin1906，inwhichJamessideredoheclassisofpolitics:hoolitiityandcivicvirtueintheabsenceof>
Promptsf
1.AgtoJames，“Thereissomethinghighlyparadoxithemoderowar.”
Findoutwhatisinhismind.
2.Ifitisuandableforaialtribestoenjoyhunting，thenwhyaremodernmenfasatedbythe>
3.WhatdoestheauthorwanttotelluswhehePeloponnesian>
4.WhatisthecrueltylikeintheRomaofGreece?
5.Jamessays，“Ouraorshavebredpugnatoourboneandmarrow，andthousandsofyearsofpea’tbreeditoutofus.”
Whatdoesthismean?
6.Whatdoestheauthormea-daycivilizedopinion”
ofeace?
7.Howdosomepeueinfavoroftheyof>
8.Whatrolesdomoralsandvirtuesplayin>
9.Whatis“thefearofemanthefear-regime”
?（Thiwoufollowthistopic.）
10.Whatistherelationshipofprideaivelywith“collectivity”
?
11.“Idopeaceeitheroughttobeorwillbepermahisglobe，uespacificallyanizedpreservesomeoftheoldelementsofarmy-dise.”
Whatelementsofarmy-disedoestheauthorhaveinmind?
12.Whatareotheraspemartialvirtues，oforythatetardedwithsimilarlyeffectivefeelingsofprideandshame?
13.WhatdoesJamesmeanby“thearmyeNature”
?
14.Whataresomeofthemoralequivalentsofwaragtotheauthor?
[1]Thewaragainstwarisgoingtobenoholidayexpingparty.Themilitaryfeelioodeeplygrouoabdicatetheirplagouridealsuutesareofferedthanthegloryaetonatiooindividualsfromtheupsanddownsofpolitidthevicissitudesoftrade.Thereissomethinghighlyparadoxithemoderowar.Askallourmillions，northandsouth，whethertheywouldvotehingpossible）tohaveourwarfortheUnionexpungedfromhistory，andtherecordofapeasitiotimesubstitutedforthatofitsmardbattles，andprobablyhardlyaharicswouldsayyes.Thoseahoseefforts，thosememoriesandlegeidealpartofher，asacredspiritualpossessionworthmorethanallthebloodpouredout.Yetaskthosesamepeoplewhethertheywouldbewillingincoldbloodtostartanothercivilwarnowtogainanothersimilarpossession，andnotonemanorwomanwouldvotefortheproposition.Inmoderneyes，preciousthoughwarsmaybe，theymustnotbewagedsolelyforthesakeoftheidealharvest.Onlywhenforone，onlywhenanenemy’sinjusticeleavesusive，isawarnowthoughtpermissible.
[2]Itwasnotthusiimes.Theearliermeiohuntaneighbtribe，killthemales，lootthevillageahefemales，wasthemostprofitable，aswellasthemostexg，wayofliving.Thuswerethemoremartialtribesseledindpeoplesapurepugnadloveofgloryihemorefualappetiteforplunder.
[3]Modernwarissoexpewefeeltradetobeabetteraveoplumodersalltheiyandalltheloveofgloryofhisaors.Showingwar’sirrationalityandhorrorisofuponhiThehorrorsmakethefas.Waristhestroislifeiremis;war-taxesaretheonlyoatetopay，asthebudgetsofallnationsshowus.
[4]Historyisabathofblood.TheIliad1isoalofhowDiomedesandAjax2，Sarpedoor4killed.hewoundstheymadeissparedus，andtheGreekmihestreekhistoryisapanoramaofjingoismandimperialism—warforwar’ssake，allthesbeingwarriors.Itish，becauseoftheirrationalityofitall—saveforthepurposeofmaking“history”
—aoryisthatoftheutterruinofacivilizatioualrespectsperhapsthehighesttheearthhaseverseen.
[5]Thoseurelypiratical.Pride，gold，womeemeheirohePeloponnesianwar5，forexample，theAtheniaaheislahe“VenusofMilo”
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