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wasfoural，toowntheirlordship.Thee，andholdadebatewhichThucydides6givesinfull，andwhich，forsweetreasonablenessofform，wouldhavesatisfiedMatthewArnold7.“Thepowerfulexactwhatthey，”
saidtheAthenians，“awhattheymust.”
Whehatsoohaheyealtothegods，theAtheniansreply:“Ofthegodswebelieveandofmehat，byalawoftheirnature，wherevertheyruletheywill.Thislawwasnotmadebyus，ahefirsttohaveait;wedidbuti，ahatyouandallmankind，ifyouwereasstrongasweare，woulddoaswedo.Sods;wehavetoldyouwhyweexpedashighintheirgoodopinionasyou.”
Well，theMeleansstillrefused，aowheAthenians，”
Thucydidesquietlysays，“thereuponputtodeathallwhowereeandmadeslavesofthewomenaheheislahitherfivehulersoftheirown.”
[6]Alexander’scareerureahingbutanyofpoluicbythecharacterofthehero.Thereri，ahediedhisgeneralsaaeahecrueltyofthosetimesisincredible.WhenRomefinallyqueredGreece，PaulusAemilius8wastoldbytheRomaorewardhissoldiersfortheirtoilby“giviheoldkiheysatydcarriedoffahundredandfiftythousandinhabitantsasslaves.HowmanytheykilledIknownot;butiheykilledallthesenators，fivehundredandfiftyius10was“theRomanofthemall”
，buttoreanimatehissoldiersontheeveofPhilippi11hesimilarlypromisestogivethemthecitiesofSpartaandThessalonica12te，iftheywi.
[7]Suchwasthegoryraioess.Weihee;andformostofthecapathatthehumanraceisfullofwehavetothankthiscruelhistory.Deadmeales，andiftherewereahertypethanthistheyhaveleftnosurvivors.Ouraorshavebredpugnatoourboneandmarrow，andthousandsofyearsofpea’tbreeditoutofus.Thepinationfairlyfatteofublioncereachafightingpitorulerwithstandit.IntheBoverhbluff，butthey’tstaythere;themilitarytensionwastoomu.In1898ourpeoplehadreadthewordWARihreeincheshighforthreemonthsineveryhepliantpolitiley14aybytheireagerness，andoursqualidaiy.
[8]Atthepresentday，civilizedopinionisaentalmixture.ThemilitaryinstindidealsareasstroaretedbyreflectivecriticismswhichsorelycurbtheirafreedoIersareshowiialsideofmilitaryservice.Purelootandmasteryseemnolongermorallyallowablemotives，abefoundfthemsolelytotheenemy.Englandandwe，ourarmyandnavyauthoritiesrepeatwithoutg，aresolelyfor“peace”
.GermanyandJapanitiswhoarebentonlootandglory.“Peamilitarymouthstodayisasynonymfor“ected”
.Thewordhasbeeapureprovodwishingpeacerelyshouldallowitevertobeprintedinaneer.Everyup-to-datediaryshouldsaythat“pead“war”
meahing，nowinposse，nowinactu15.Itmayevenreasohattheintenselysharppetitivepreparationforwarbythenationsistherealerma，ung;andthatthebattlesareonlyasortofpublicverifiasterygaineddurierval.
[9]Itisplainthatonthissubjectcivilizedmanhasdevelopedasortofdoublepersonality.Ifeannatioeiofahemwouldseemtojustifythetremeionsassitwouldnecessarilyentail.Itwouldseemthatonsenseandreasonoughttofindawaytreementineveryfliestis.Imyselfthinkitourbouobelieveinsuationalrationalityaspossible.But，asthingsstand，Iseehowdesperatelyharditistthepeace-partyaytogether，ahedifficultyisduetodefitheprogramofpacificismwhichsetthemilitaristimaginatily，aentjustifiably，againstit.Inthewholedisbothsidesareonimagiimentalground.Itisbutoopiaagainstanother，ahingonesaysmustbeabstradhypothetical.Subjecttothiscritid，Iwilltrytocharaabstractstrokestheoppositeimaginativefordpointoutwhattomyownveryfalliblemihebestutopiahemlineof.
[10]Inmyremarks，pacifi，Iwillrefusetospeakofthebestialsideime（alreadydoobymanywriters）ahehigheraspeilitaristit.Patriotismhiable;nordoesawaristheromaory.Butiiohesoulofeverypatriotism，andthepossibilityofviolehesoulofallromaarilypatriotiindedeveryeciallytheprofessionalmilitaryclass，refusetoadmitforamomentthatwarmaybeatransitoryphenomenoniioionofasheep’sparadiselikethatrevolts，theysay，inatioheeepsoflife?Ifwarhadeverstopped，weshouldhavetorei，ooredeemlifefromflatdegeion.
[11]Reflectiveapologistsforresentdayalltakeitreligiously.Itisasortofsat.Itsprofitsaretothevanquishedaswellastothevidquiteapartfromaionofprofit，itisanabsolutegood，wearetold，foritishumashighestdynamic.Its“horrors”
areacheappricetopayforrestheoivesupposed，ofaworldofdteachers，ofco-edudzoophily，of“er’sleagues”
and“associatedcharities”
，ofindustrialismunlimited，andfeminismunabashed.Nosohardness，novaloranymore!Fieuponsuchacattleyardofapla!
[12]Sofarasthetralessehisfeelinggoes，hymiseemstome，helptosomedegreepartakingofit.Militarismisthegreatpreserverofouridealsofhardihood，andhumahnouseforhardihoodwouldbeptible.Withoutrisksorprizesforthedarer，historywouldbeinsipidihereisatypeofmilitarycharacterwhiefeelsthattheraceshouldobreed，foreveryooitssuperiority.Thedutyisionmankind，ofkeepingmilitarycharastock—ifkeepiforuse，thehemselvesandaspurepiecesofperfe，—sothatRoosevelt’sweaklingsandmollyaynotendbymakihingelsedisappearfromthefaature.
[13]Thisnaturalsortoffeelingforms，Ithink，theisouls.tionkaristauthorstakeahighlymysticalviewoftheirsubjedregardwarasabioliecessity，untrolledbyordinarypsychologicalotives.Wheimeofdevelopmehewarmuste，reasonornoreasoifispleadedareinvariablyfictitious.Waris，inshort，apermahumanobligation.GeneralHomerLea16，iheValshimselfsquarelyonthisground.Readinessforwarisforhimtheesseionality，andabilityinitthesuprememeasureofthehealthofnations.
[14]Nations，GeneralLeasays，areionecessarilyexpandorshrink，agtotheirvitalityordecrepitude.Japannowisg;aalflawiisimpossiblethatherstatesmenshouldnotloered，withextraht，uponavastpoliquest—thegameinwhichthefirstmovesithdRussiaahEngland，andofwhialobjectiveisthecaptureofthePhilippiheHawaiianIslands，Alaska，andthewholeofourCoastwestoftheSierraPasses.ThiswillgiveJapaablevoasastateabsolutelyfor，thepossessioirePacifi;andtoopposethesedeepdesignsweAmerishave，agtobutourceit，noranercialism，our，andourfeminisGeneralLeamakesamieparisoarystrengthresentcouldopposetthofJapan，andcludesthattheislands，Alaska，on，andSouthernia，wouldfallalmostwithoutresistaSanFranustsurrenderinafhttoaJapahatinthreeorfourmonthsthewarwouldbeover，andourrepubliabletainwhatithadheedlesslyectsuffitly，wouldthee”
，untilperhapssomeCaesarshouldarisetoweldusagainintoanation.
[15]Adismalforedeed!Yetnotimplausible，ifthementalityofJapan’sstatesmehetypeofwhichhistoryshowsussomanyexamples，andwhichisallthatGeneralLeaseemsabletoimagihereishinkthatwomengerbethemothersofNapoleonicorAlexandriancharadiftheseeinJapanandfiunity，justsuchsurprisesas“theValsmaylurkinambushfnoraillareoftheirecessesofJapay，wemaybefoolhardytardsuchpossibilities.
[16]Othermilitaristsaremoreplexandmoremoralintheirsiderations.The“PhilosophiedesKrieges”
，byS.R.Steiz17isagoodexample.War，agtothisauthor，isautedbyGod，whoweighsthenationsinitsbalaheessentialformoftheState，andtheonlyfunwhichpeoplesemployalltheirpowersatonvergently.Novictoryispossiblesaveastheresultantofatotalityofvirtues，forwhieviceorweakrespoy，ess，tena，ce，eduventiveness，ey，hysicalhealthandvigor—thereisn’tamoraloriualpoihatdoesn’ttell，whenGodholdshisassizesandhurlsthepeoplesupoher.DieWeltgeschichteistdasWeltgericht（“Theunfoldingofhistoryistheunfoldinght.”
）;azdoesinthelongrundluypartinapptheissues.
[17]Thevirtuesthatprevail，itmustbeuesanyhow，superioritiesthatpeacefulaswellasinmilitarypetitiorainonthem，beingiehelattercase，makeswarinfinitelymasatrial.Noordealisparabletoitswinnowing.Itsdreadhammeristhewelderofmenies，ainsuchstateselydevelopitscapacity.Theoiveis“degeion”
.
[18]Dr.Steizisatiousthinker，andhisbook，shortasitis，takesmutoat.Itsupshot，itseemstome，besummedupinSimonPatten18’swords，thatmankindwasnursedinpaihatthetransitiontoa“pleasure-eaybefataltoabeingwieldingnopowersofdefeitsdegeiveinfluences.Ifwespeakofthefearofemanthefear-regime，weputthewholesituationintoasinglephrase;fearregardingourselvesnowtakingtheplaceoftheaheenemy.
[19]TurnthefearoverasIwillinmymind，itallseemstoleadbacktotwouheimaginatioidtheothermoral:utoeureinwhicharmy-life，withitsmasofcharm，shallbeforeverimpossible，andinwhichthedestiniesofpeoplesshallnevermorebedecidedquickly，thrillingly，andtragically，byforlygraduallyandinsipidlyby“evolution”
;and，sewillioseethesupremetheatreofhumanstrenuoushesplendidmilitaryaptitudesofmeokeepalwaysienevershowthemselvesina.Theseiunwillingnesses，haidethisisteseemstome，tobelisteoaed.Omeetthemeffectivelybymeresistenensivenessandhorror.Thehorrormakesthethrill;ahequestioheextremestaofhumaalkofexpensesoundsignominious.Theweaknessofsativecriticismisevident—pacificismmakessfromthemilitaryparty.Themilitarypartydehebestialitynorthehorror，northeexpeonlysaysthatthesethihalfthestory.Itonlysaysthatwarisworththem;that，takinghumannatureasawhole，itswarsareitsbestproteagainstitsweakerandmorecowardlyself，andthatmankindotaffordtoadoptapeay.
[20]Pacificistsoughttoentermoredeeplyiidethitofviewoftheiroppohatfirstinanytroversy，saysJ.J.，the，andyouroppowillfollow.Solongasanti-militaristsproposenosubstituteforwar’sdisaryfunoralequivalentous，asosay，tothemeicalequivale，soloorealizethefullihesituation.Andasaruletheydofail.Theduties，penalties，andsanspitheutopiastheypaiooweakaouchthemilitary-mioy’spacificismistheoothisrule，foritisprofouicasregardsallthisworld’svalues，ahefearoftheLordfurnishthemoralspurprovidedelsewherebythefearoftheeoursocialisticpeace-advocatesallbelieveabsolutelyinthisworld’svalues;ahefearoftheLordaheeheoheyrewithisthefearofpovertyifohiservadesallthesocialisticliteraturewithwhichIamated.EveninLowesDi19’sexquisitedialogue，highwagesandshorthoursaretheonlyforvokedfman’sdistasteforrepulsivekindsoflabor.Mealargestillliveastheyalwayshavelived，underapain-and-fearey—forthoseofuswholiveinanease-eyarebutanislaormyodthehereofpresent-dayutopiaastesmawkishanddisheoplewhostillkeepasenseforlife’smorebitterflavgests，intruth，ubiquitousiy.
[21]Iyisalwayswithus，andmercilesssofitisthekey-hemilitarytemper.“Dogs，wouldyouliveforever?”
shoutedFredericktheGreat20.“Yes，”
sayourutopiausliveforever，andraiseradually.”
Thebestthingaboutour“iodayisthattheyareastoughasnails，andphysidmorallyalmostasiopianismwouldseethemsoftandsqueamish，whilemilitarismwouldkeeptheiress，buttraoameritoriouscharacteristieededby“theservidredeemedbythatfromthesuspiferiority.AllthequalitiesofamaywhehattheserviceofthecollectivitythatowheIfproudofthecollectivity，hisownpriderisesinproportion.yislikeanarmyfsuchpride;butithastobefessedthattheowhichtheimageofpaopolitanindustrialismiscapableihybreastsisshameattheideaofbelongingtosuchacollectivity.ItisobviousthattheUesofAmericaastheyexisttodayimpressamindlikeGeneralLea’sassomublubber.Whereisthesharpnessaousforlife，whetherone’sownoranother’s?Whereisthesavage“yes”
and“ionalduty?Whereisthes?Whereistheblood-tax?Whereisanythingthatonefeelshonoredbybelongingto?
[22]Havingsaidthusmupreparation，Iwillnowyownutopia.IdevoutlybelieveinthereighegradualadveofasocialisticequilibriuThefatalisticviewofthewar-funenonsense，forIknowthatwarmakiodefiivesaoprudentialdreasoicisms，justlikeanyotherformofenterprise.Andwheiohearmies，andthesceofdestruviesiualrefihescesofprodu，Iseethatwarbeesabsurdandimpossiblefromitsownmonstrosity.ExtravagantambitionswillhavetobereplacedbyreasonablednationsmustmakeotheIseenoreasonwhyallthisshouldnotapplytoyellowaswellastowhitetries，andIlookforwardtoafuturewhenactsofwarshallbeformallyoutlawedasbetweencivilizedpeoples.
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