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G.W.Leibniz
Pre-reading
GottfriedWilhelmvonLeibniz（1646-1716）wasothihe17thauriesandisknow“universalgenius”
.Tothisdayheoccupiesapromihehistoryofmathematidthehistory.osedod，hesoulisofthemostsublimeeloquenphilosophy，Leibnizismostnotedforhisoptimism，i.e.histhatourUniverseis，iedsepossibleoGodcouldhavecreated，awasofteherssuchasVoltaire.Leibniz，alongwithReesandBaruoza，wasohreegreat17thturyadvocatesofrationalis
Leibnizmadeanimportanttributiooryoftheontolument.Inshort，Leibniz’sargumentis:1）Godisabeinghaviions.2）Aperfeisasimpleandabsoluteproperty.3）Existenceisaperfe.4）Ifexisteoftheessehiisanecessarybeing.5）Ifitispossibleforanecessarybeihenanecessarybei.6）Itispossibleftohaveallperfes.7）Therefore，anecessarybeing（God）doesexist.
Fortheolument，Leibnizsaysthateveniihsortruthsoffacttheremustbeasuffitreasonwhytheyaresoandnototherwise.But，siiculartruthoffatiupoher（prior）truthoffact，thereasoireseriesoftruthsmustbelocatedoutsidetheseries，andthisultimatereasoniswhatwecallGod.LeibnizfillsoutthisargumentwithafasgatofthenatureofGod.SoheisabletodemoheuniquenessofGod，hisomendbehettioiherincipleofSuffitReason.
Promptsf
1.WhatdoestheauthorwahereaderaboutGodatthebeginning?
2.HowdoesLeibnizdefineevil?
&heexisteheertheexistenceofGod?
4.WhatdoesLeibnizsayabouttheafflien，espeen?
5.WhatisLeibniz’sopinionaboutthelossesabatheworld?
[1]ItfollowsfromthesupremeperfeofGodthatinprodugtheuhebestpossibleplan，gthegreatestvarietytogetherwiththegreatestorder;thebestarraioime;thegreatesteffectproducedbythesimplestmeapower，themostkhemosthappinessandgoodnessihingsofwhiiverseadmitted.ForasallpossiblethingshaveaclaimtoexisteandingofGodinproportiontotheirperfes，theresultofalltheseclaimsmustbethemostperfectactualworldwhichispossible.Otherwiseitwouldnotbepossibletoexplainwhythingshavehappeheyhaveratherthanotherwise...
[2]...Theultimatereasoybothofessendofexistenaunitymustlybegreater，higher，andpriortotheworlditself，sihroughitaloohings，whichtheworlds，butalsothethingsthatarepossiblehavetheirreality.Itotbefouinonesinglesource，becauseoftheiionofallthesethingswithoisevidentthatfromthissourtthiinuallyissuingandbeingprodudhavebeenproduotclearwhyoheworldratherthaerday’sstateratherthantoday’s，shouldflowfromtheworlditself.ItisalsoevidenthowGodalyphysicallybutalsofreely;andhowthereliesinHimnotobutalsothefinaldhowfromHimproceedsthereasonnotoencythatthereisinthemeismfortheuniverseasablished，butalsoofthegoodnessorwisdomiheestablishingofit.1
[3]Inaythinkthatmoralperfeoodnessisherebeihmetaphysical2perfereatness，andmayadmitthelatterwhiledenyingtheformer，itshouldbepoihatitfollowsfromwhathasbeensaidnotonlythattheworldisthemostperfectphysically，or，ifyoupreferit，metaphysically，orihatthatseriesofthingswillbefwhiactualfactaffreatestquantityofreality，butalsothattheworldshouldbethemostperfectmorally，becausetruemoralperfeisphysicalperfeindsthemselves.Heheworldisnotowonderfulmae，butalsardtomindsitisthebestoh，bywhosemeaowedonmipossibleamouyorjoyfulness;anditisinthisthattheirphysicalperfesists.
[4]But，youwillsay，wefiheveryoppositeofthis.Oftesfallupohei（Ispeaknotoes，butofmenalso）areafflidareslaiortures;iheworld，especiallyifwelookatthegoverhehumaherafusedanaffairordainedbysomesupremewisdoSoitappearsatfirstsight，Iallow:butoionitmustbeagreedthattheoppositeisthecase.Itisevidentapriori4fromthoseveryprincipleswhichIhaveadduced5thatwithoutdoubtthereissetheworldthehighestperfethattherecouldpossiblybeofallthings，andthereforeofminds.
[5]Aisunreasohelawyerssay，togiveajudgmentwithoutiheehavekinypartofthateternitywhichstreteasurably.Forhowsmallathingisthememoryofthefewthousandyearswhichhistoryhandsdowntous!Aofsolittleexperiencewerashlymakejudgmentsabouttheimmeasurableaernal;justasmenwhohadbeenbornandbredinprisonorierra-mineshtthinkthattherewasihareacherousflickeroftorches，whichwashardlysuffittoguidetheirfootsteps.Lookatthemostlovelypidtheup，leavingunlyatinyscrapofit.Whatelsewillyouseethere，evenifyoulookascloselyaspossible，andthemoresoasyoulookfromnearerahand，butakindofedleyofcolors，withoutsele，withoutart!Awheheg，andlookuponthewholepitheproperplace，youwillseethatreviouslyseemedtoyoutohavebeenaimlesslysmearedonthevaslishedwiththehighestartbytheauthoroftheenstotheeyesinpaintingisequallyexperieheearsinmusic.Thegreatposersfrequentlyminglediscordswithharmoniouschordssothatthelisteedawere，andmaybeeeagertoknowwhatisgoingtohappelywhenallisrestoredtoorderhefeelssomuchthemoret.Inthesameleasureinsmalldangers，orintheexperienceofills，fromtheverysenseorprooftheygiveusofourownpowerorfelicity.aiacleofrope-walkingwearedelightedbytheverytoffearthatisinvolved，andweourselvesinplaywithholdthemasifweweregoingtothrowthemoutofthewindow，ahemgo—ihesameecarried，KingofDenmark，wheillaninfantedinloheedgeoftheroof，andthen，wheneverybodywasiurojestandputhimbatohiscradlesafeandsound.Onthesameprihasaniifwealwayseatsweetthings;sharp，adevehingsshouldbemixedintostimulatethetaste.Hewhohasisbitterhasissweet，norreciateit.Thisistheverylawofepositivepleasuredoesnotanevehingsproduess，andmakemendull，notjoyful.
[6]WhatIhavesaid，however，aboutthepossibilitydisturbedwithoutupsettingtheharmonyofthewholemusterpretedtomeanthatnoatistakes;orthatitissuffitforthewholeworldtobepletedatallpoihoughitshouldturnoutthatthehumadthattherewasintheuniverseioatwastakenofus—asismaintainedbysomepeoplewhosejudgmentaboutthesumofthingsisill-grouhetruthisthat，justasinawell-regulatedohcareistakenthatasfaraspossiblethingsshallbetotheiheindividual，iheuniversewouldnotbesuffitlyperfeless，asfarasewithoutupsettingtheuniversalharmony，thegoodofindividualpeopleissidered.Ofthistherecouldbeestablishedermeasurethantheverylawofjusticeitself，whichdictatesthateachshouldhaveapartiionoftheuniverseandinhisoinessinproportiontohisowheextenttowhichhiswillisdirectedtowardstheongood，bywhichisfulfilledwhatwecallthedloveofGod，inwhie，agtothejudgmeheologiansalso，standsthewholefordpowerofthereligihtittoseemremarkablethatallthisdeference7shouldbepaidtomindsintheuheybeartheclosestresemblaheimageofthesupremeAuthor，aiontoHimisnotthatofmaestotheirartificer（liketherestoftheworld）butratherthatofstotheirpriheywillendureaslongastheuself，andthey，insomemanner，expressahewholeinthemselves;sothatitmightbesaidthatmindsare>
[7]Asfortheafflien，andespeeholdourselves
assuredthattheytributetoodofthosewhosufferthem;andthisistruenotonlytheologically，butphysicallyalso，justasagraiisufferbeforeitbearsfruit.Aistruetosaythatafflisareforthetimebeiigood，siheyareshortcutstoagreaterperfeilarlyinphysicstheliquidswhitslowlyarealsomoreslowlypurified，whereasthoseinwhichthereisamoreviolentdisturbahrowoffthefreaterfororequiepure.Youmightfairlysaythatthisisacaseoftakingastepbaakeastrongerleapforward.Thesethingsmustbeallowedtobenotoandg，butalsomosttrue.IndeedingeneralIholdthatthereisnothihanhappiness，andnothinghappieraruth.
[8]Further，werealizethatthereisaperpetualandamressofthewhole
universeinfulfillmentoftheuniversalbeautyaionod，sothatitisalwaysadvangtreaterdevelopment.Thus，evenofourearthhasreceivedcultivation，amoreahoughitistruethattherearetimeswhesofitgobati，oraredestroyedagainahismustbeuoodinthesamesenseasIjusthemeaningofaffliely，thatthisverydestrudoppressiontributestoaethihatinsomewaywereourveryloss.
[9]Totheobjeayperhapsbeofferedthatifthisweresotheworldwouldlongagohavebeeaparadise，theahand:althoughmanysubstanceshavealreadyetogreatperfe，yetowiedivisibilityofwhatisuous，therealwaysremainintheabyssofthingspartsthatareasleep，aobeawakeobedrivenforwardihiter—inaword，toabetterdevelopmehisprogressdoesoanend.
Notes
1.ItisalsoevidenthowGodalyphysicallybutalsofreely;andhowthereliesinHimnotobutalsothefinaldhowfromHimproceedsthereasonnotoencythatthereisinthemeismfortheuniverseasablished，butalsoofthegoodnessorwisdomiheestablishingofit.同样明显的是，上帝不仅按照自然法则行动，而且还自由地行动，从上帝那儿不仅可以找到直接原因，而且还可以找到最终原因；上帝不仅是现存的宇宙机制巨大力量的源泉，而且还是建立这一机制的行动所涉及的仁慈和智慧的源泉。
&aphysical:形而上学的
3.afflict:in
4.apriori:（Latin）involviivereaseneralprioanecessaryeffect
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